See kenning on Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "From Middle English kenning, kening (“instruction, teaching; experience, knowledge; sight, view”), from kennen (“to make known, point out, reveal; to direct, instruct, teach; to know, perceive”) + -ing. Kennen is derived from Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”), from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”), the causative form of *kunnaną (“to know, be familiar with, recognize; to be able to, know how”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).\nCompare Danish kending (“acquaintance”), and see further at ken. By surface analysis, ken + -ing.",
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"form": "kennings",
"tags": [
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, Richard Grenville, “Sir Richard Grenuills Voyage to Virginia, for Sir Walter Raleigh. 1585.”, in Iohn Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: […], London: […] I[ohn] D[awson] and I[ohn] H[aviland] for Michael Sparkes, →OCLC, book 1; reprinted in The Generall Historie of Virginia, … (Bibliotheca Americana), Cleveland, Oh.: The World Publishing Company, 1966, →OCLC, page 5:",
"text": "Touching the moſt remarkeable things of the Country and our proceeding from the 17 of Auguſt 1585. till the 18. of Iune 1586. we made Roanoack our habitation. The vtmoſt of our diſcouery Southward was Secotan as we eſteemed 80. leagues from Roanoacke. The paſſage from thence was thought a broad ſound within the maine, being without kenning of land, yet full of flats and ſhoulds that our Pinnaſſe could not paſſe, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1733, Francis Bacon, “XXIX. To the King; Presenting the History of Henry VII. and a Proposal for a New Digest of the Laws of England.”, in Peter Shaw, compiler, The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, and Lord High-Chancellor of England; Methodized, and Made English, from the Originals. With Occasional Notes, to Explain what is Obscure; and Shew how Far the Several Plans of the Author, for the Advancement of All the Parts of Knowledge, have been Executed to the Present Time. In Three Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for J. J. and P. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, supplement V (Select Letters upon Various Occasions: Relating to the Author’s Life and Writings), section II (Letters Relating to the Author’s Writings), page 504:",
"text": "And becauſe in the beginning of my Trouble, when in the midſt of the Tempeſt, I had a kenning of the Harbour, which I hope now by your Majeſty's Favour I am entring into; I made a tender to your Majeſty of two Works, a Hiſtory of England, and a Digeſt of your Laws: as I have performed a Part of the one; ſo I have herewith ſent your Majeſty, by way of an Epiſtle, a New Offer of the other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1827, [Walter Scott], chapter XIV, in Chronicles of the Canongate; […], volume I (The Two Drovers), Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Co.] for Cadell and Co.; London: Simpkin and Marshall, →OCLC, pages 321–322:",
"text": "\"Saul of my pody, put you are wrang there, my friend,\" answered Robin, with composure; \"it is your fat Englishmen that eat up our Scots cattle, puir things.\" / \"I wish there was a summat to eat up their drovers,\" said another; \"a plain Englishman canna make bread without a kenning of them.\"",
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"Sight, view; specifically a distant view at sea."
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"(obsolete) Sight, view; specifically a distant view at sea."
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{
"ref": "1711, John Leland, edited by Thomas Hearne, The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary. … Publish’d from the Original MS. in the Bodleian Library by Thomas Hearne M.A. To which is Added Antoninus’s Itinerary through Britain, with Various Readings and Dʳ. Robert Talbot’s Annotations upon It, volume III, Oxford: Printed at the Theater for the publisher, →OCLC, page 7:",
"text": "Scylley is a Kenning, that is to ſay about an xx. Miles from the very Weſteſte Point of Cornewaulle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1793 September, “Art. XII. The Plays and Poems of William Shakspeare; Collated Verbatim with the Most Authentic Copies, and Revised: [...] By Edmund Malone. Crown 8vo. 10 Vols. about 600 Pages in each. The First Volume Divided into Two. 3l. 17s. Boards. Cadell, &c. 1790. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume XII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, in Pall Mall, published 1794, →OCLC, footnote, page 56:",
"text": "The obſcure text, of which the light is only to be ſeen by groping our way through \"antres vaſt,\" and at times through \"deſarts idle\" of earth beneath, is frequently ſo highly elevated in the page, that it is barely entitled to [John] Milton's appellation of darkneſs viſible; and now and then it ſoars even above this, mounting (to uſe an old phraſe,) beyond a kenning.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1876, “Jus Maritimum Lubecense, in Usus Osterlingorum Descriptum, Anno 1299 = Code of Maritime Law, Drawn Up at Lubeck for the Use of the Osterlings, A.D. 1299”, in Travers Twiss, editor, Momenta Juridica. The Black Book of the Admiralty. Appendix.—Part IV. [...] Published by the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, under the Direction of the Master of the Rolls (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages), volume IV, London: Longman & Co., Paternoster Row; Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill; …, →OCLC, paragraph XVIII, page 369:",
"text": "If a person hires a ship and loads her or not entirely, and wishes to unload her, before she sets sail, he shall pay half the ship’s freight. But if the ship has sailed a kenning’s way seawards, he shall pay the shipmaster his full freight. [Footnote: kenning […] This phrase is applied in the Rutter of the Sea to signify the distance from one headland to another in sight. Vol. I., p. 115.]",
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"glosses": [
"The range or extent of vision, especially at sea; (by extension) a marine measure of approximately twenty miles."
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"text": "put in a kenning of salt",
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"ref": "1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Heather on Fire”, in Catriona, London; Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, →OCLC, page 111:",
"text": "His father was none so ill a man, though a kenning on the wrong side of the law, and no friend to my family, that I should waste my breath to be defending him!",
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"name": "inh"
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"name": "inh"
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"text": "The ſtreine or kenning of the egge.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"A chalaza or tread of an egg (a spiral band attaching the yolk of the egg to the eggshell); a cicatricula."
],
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"4": "",
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"name": "der"
}
],
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"Vertebrates",
"Eating",
"Food and drink",
"Life",
"Chordates",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Animals",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Lifeforms"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1867–1868, George Stephens, “Bracteates”, in The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England, Now First Collected and Deciphered, volume II, London: John Russell Smith; Copenhagen: Michaelsen and Tillge; printed by H. H. Thiele, →OCLC, pages 509–510:",
"text": "[A]s we are all aware, the Skalds used all sorts of kennings from Jewels, Gold, Silver, &c., to betoken Women, &c. Gold is called \"The Sea's Blink (Blik)\", and so on, and a female is \"Gold's Mistress\", \"The Goddess of the Golden Jewel\", and so forth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1887 January, Francis B. Gummere, “Wilhelm Bode: Die Kenningar in der angelsächsen Dichtung. Mit Ausblicken auf andere Litteraturen. Darmstadt und Leipzig, 1886. [Strasburg Dissertation].”, in A. Marshall Elliott, editor, Modern Language Notes, volume II, number 1, Baltimore, Md.: [Johns Hopkins Press], →ISSN, →OCLC, column 36:",
"text": "I venture to say that a close study of the style of Piers Plowman would thoroughly dispose of alliteration as chief factor in the kenning-process.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium: Brepols, →OCLC, page 149:",
"text": "If we now move to the second helmingr, Kock tries to unscramble the two kenningar[…], but this is over-zealous, since there are ample parallels for such braiding of kenning elements. Finnbogi interprets the kenning 'ǫrbeiðanda bǫðvar jǫkla' contextually, to mean 'the one who provoked the warrior into drawing his sword' (Orkneyinga saga, 202).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Andrew Wawn with Graham Johnson and John Walter, editors, Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth: Essays in Honour of T. A. Shippey (Making in the Middle Ages; 9), Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium: Brepols, →ISBN, page 172:",
"text": "The original also makes frequent use of the circumlocutory type of poetic expression known as the kenning, which consists (in its simplest form) of a base-word (always a noun, sometimes the second of the two elements in a compound word) accompanied by a determinant (either a noun in the genitive or, in the case of a compound-word kenning, the first of the compound's two elements).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way."
],
"id": "en-kenning-en-noun-en:poetry",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"metaphorical",
"metaphorical"
],
[
"compound",
"compound"
],
[
"phrase",
"phrase#Noun"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanic"
],
[
"Old English",
"Old English"
],
[
"Old Norse",
"Old Norse"
],
[
"simple",
"simple"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"describe",
"describe"
],
[
"allusive",
"allusive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) A metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "heiti"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:poetry"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kenning"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kjenning"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kénning",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ке́ннинг"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"word": "saalam"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛnɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kenning.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnɪŋ"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"title": "Origin unknown"
},
"expansion": "Origin unknown",
"name": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Origin unknown.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kennings",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kenning (plural kennings)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ken‧ning"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 6 9 26 51 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 5 9 30 26 3 1 3 4 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 4 10 31 33 2 1 2 3 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 11 14 31 33 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Containers",
"orig": "en:Containers",
"parents": [
"Tools",
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 9 7 10 31 38 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Units of measure",
"orig": "en:Units of measure",
"parents": [
"Metrology",
"Quantity",
"Applied sciences",
"Mathematics",
"Sciences",
"Formal sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 9 7 22 31 26 4",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Eggs",
"orig": "en:Eggs",
"parents": [
"Birds",
"Foods",
"Reproduction",
"Vertebrates",
"Eating",
"Food and drink",
"Life",
"Chordates",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Animals",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Lifeforms"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "63. Will of John Ogle.",
"ref": "1585–1586 January 18, “LXIII. Testamentum Johannis Ogle. [63. Will of John Ogle.]”, in [William Greenwell], editor, Wills and Inventories from the Registry at Durham. Part II (The Publications of the Surtees Society; XXXVIII), Durham: Published for the Society by George Andrews, Durham; London: Whittaker and Co., 13 Ave Maria Lane; T. and W. Boone, 29 New Bond Street; Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, published 1860, →OCLC, page 132:",
"text": "In the hall. One large table, with frame. 10s. ij cobbordes 8s. j fourme, j chaire, and j kenninge measure, 12d.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1828, chapter XXX, in E. Mackenzie, editor, compiled by James Thompson, A New, Improved, and Authentic Life of James Allan, the Celebrated Northumberland Piper; Detailing His Surprising Adventures in Various Parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, including a Complete Description of the Manners and Customs of the Gipsy Tribes. Collected from Sources of Genuine Authority, by James Thompson, with Explanatory Notes by E. Mackenzie, …, Newcastle upon Tyne: Printed and published by Mackenzie and Dent, St. Nicholas' Church-yard [...], →OCLC, page 460:",
"text": "He called one day at Mr. Hepple's, of Needless Hall, in a forlorn condition, seeking his seed (a present of corn given at seed-time). […] After this conversation, Mr. Hepple served him with a kenning of oats, which was a much greater quantity than he usually gave on such occasions.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A dry measure equivalent to half a bushel; a container with that capacity."
],
"id": "en-kenning-en-noun-dyobZgz3",
"links": [
[
"dry measure",
"dry measure"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent"
],
[
"bushel",
"bushel"
],
[
"container",
"container"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern England) A dry measure equivalent to half a bushel; a container with that capacity."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "dry measure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "quartal"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛnɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kenning.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnɪŋ"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "non",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kenning",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse kenning, from the verb kenna (“to know”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninger",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningerne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kennings",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningernes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"10": "kenning",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{pl-indef-2}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{pl-indef-3}}}",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{com}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{sg-def-2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f1accel-form": "def|s",
"f4accel-form": "indef|p",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "kenning",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kenning",
"name": "da-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "er"
},
"name": "da-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "c",
"gen-pl-def": "kenningernes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "kenningers",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "kenningens",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "kennings",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "kenningerne",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "kenninger",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "kenningen",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "kenning"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "da",
"name": "Poetry",
"orig": "da:Poetry",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Literature",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kenning"
],
"id": "en-kenning-da-noun-IJq66Ck1",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"homophone": "kending"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to let something be a lesson to oneself",
"word": "láta sér að kenningu verða"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "conspiracy theory",
"word": "samsæriskenning"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kenna",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "kenna + -ing",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From kenna + -ing.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kenningar",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninguna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningunni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningunum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarinnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninganna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "kenningar",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "kenningar",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "kenning f (genitive singular kenningar, nominative plural kenningar)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"theory"
],
"id": "en-kenning-is-noun-9Dl7SAXg",
"links": [
[
"theory",
"theory"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"glosses": [
"religious doctrine, teaching"
],
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"links": [
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"teaching",
"teaching"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"glosses": [
"lesson"
],
"id": "en-kenning-is-noun-t45YdQ1P",
"links": [
[
"lesson",
"lesson"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
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"name": "Poetry",
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"Writing",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"All topics",
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"Fundamental"
],
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},
{
"_dis": "1 3 5 9 30 26 3 1 3 4 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "1 2 4 10 31 33 2 1 2 3 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "1 4 7 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 9 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic terms suffixed with -ing",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kenning (circumlocution used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English and later Icelandic poetry)"
],
"id": "en-kenning-is-noun-fUIGHAPr",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning (circumlocution used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English and later Icelandic poetry)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈcʰɛnːiŋk/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"is:kenning"
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "en",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English kenning",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English kenning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kenning m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ke‧nning"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Poetry",
"orig": "pl:Poetry",
"parents": [
"Art",
"Literature",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kenning (metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way)"
],
"id": "en-kenning-pl-noun-7ryGJOJA",
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning (metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛ.ɲiŋk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɲiŋk"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "non",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kenning",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse kenning, from the verb kenna (“to know”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninger",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningerne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kennings",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningernes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"10": "kenning",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{pl-indef-2}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{pl-indef-3}}}",
"15": "",
"16": "{{{com}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{sg-def-2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f1accel-form": "def|s",
"f4accel-form": "indef|p",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "kenning",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kenning",
"name": "da-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "er"
},
"name": "da-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "c",
"gen-pl-def": "kenningernes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "kenningers",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "kenningens",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "kennings",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "kenningerne",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "kenninger",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "kenningen",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "kenning"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish nouns",
"Danish terms borrowed from Old Norse",
"Danish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Danish terms with homophones",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"da:Poetry"
],
"glosses": [
"kenning"
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"homophone": "kending"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms suffixed with -ing",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verb forms",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnɪŋ",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnɪŋ/2 syllables",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"en:Containers",
"en:Eggs",
"en:Units of measure"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kenning",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cennan",
"4": "",
"5": "to make known, declare"
},
"expansion": "Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kannijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kannijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kannijaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to make known"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵneh₃-",
"4": "",
"5": "to know"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kending",
"3": "",
"4": "acquaintance"
},
"expansion": "Danish kending (“acquaintance”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ken",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, ken + -ing",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kenning, kening (“instruction, teaching; experience, knowledge; sight, view”), from kennen (“to make known, point out, reveal; to direct, instruct, teach; to know, perceive”) + -ing. Kennen is derived from Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”), from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”), the causative form of *kunnaną (“to know, be familiar with, recognize; to be able to, know how”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).\nCompare Danish kending (“acquaintance”), and see further at ken. By surface analysis, ken + -ing.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kennings",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kenning (plural kennings)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ken‧ning"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, Richard Grenville, “Sir Richard Grenuills Voyage to Virginia, for Sir Walter Raleigh. 1585.”, in Iohn Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: […], London: […] I[ohn] D[awson] and I[ohn] H[aviland] for Michael Sparkes, →OCLC, book 1; reprinted in The Generall Historie of Virginia, … (Bibliotheca Americana), Cleveland, Oh.: The World Publishing Company, 1966, →OCLC, page 5:",
"text": "Touching the moſt remarkeable things of the Country and our proceeding from the 17 of Auguſt 1585. till the 18. of Iune 1586. we made Roanoack our habitation. The vtmoſt of our diſcouery Southward was Secotan as we eſteemed 80. leagues from Roanoacke. The paſſage from thence was thought a broad ſound within the maine, being without kenning of land, yet full of flats and ſhoulds that our Pinnaſſe could not paſſe, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1733, Francis Bacon, “XXIX. To the King; Presenting the History of Henry VII. and a Proposal for a New Digest of the Laws of England.”, in Peter Shaw, compiler, The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, and Lord High-Chancellor of England; Methodized, and Made English, from the Originals. With Occasional Notes, to Explain what is Obscure; and Shew how Far the Several Plans of the Author, for the Advancement of All the Parts of Knowledge, have been Executed to the Present Time. In Three Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for J. J. and P. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, supplement V (Select Letters upon Various Occasions: Relating to the Author’s Life and Writings), section II (Letters Relating to the Author’s Writings), page 504:",
"text": "And becauſe in the beginning of my Trouble, when in the midſt of the Tempeſt, I had a kenning of the Harbour, which I hope now by your Majeſty's Favour I am entring into; I made a tender to your Majeſty of two Works, a Hiſtory of England, and a Digeſt of your Laws: as I have performed a Part of the one; ſo I have herewith ſent your Majeſty, by way of an Epiſtle, a New Offer of the other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1827, [Walter Scott], chapter XIV, in Chronicles of the Canongate; […], volume I (The Two Drovers), Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Co.] for Cadell and Co.; London: Simpkin and Marshall, →OCLC, pages 321–322:",
"text": "\"Saul of my pody, put you are wrang there, my friend,\" answered Robin, with composure; \"it is your fat Englishmen that eat up our Scots cattle, puir things.\" / \"I wish there was a summat to eat up their drovers,\" said another; \"a plain Englishman canna make bread without a kenning of them.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sight, view; specifically a distant view at sea."
],
"links": [
[
"Sight",
"sight"
],
[
"view",
"view#Noun"
],
[
"distant",
"distant"
],
[
"sea",
"sea"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Sight, view; specifically a distant view at sea."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1711, John Leland, edited by Thomas Hearne, The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary. … Publish’d from the Original MS. in the Bodleian Library by Thomas Hearne M.A. To which is Added Antoninus’s Itinerary through Britain, with Various Readings and Dʳ. Robert Talbot’s Annotations upon It, volume III, Oxford: Printed at the Theater for the publisher, →OCLC, page 7:",
"text": "Scylley is a Kenning, that is to ſay about an xx. Miles from the very Weſteſte Point of Cornewaulle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1793 September, “Art. XII. The Plays and Poems of William Shakspeare; Collated Verbatim with the Most Authentic Copies, and Revised: [...] By Edmund Malone. Crown 8vo. 10 Vols. about 600 Pages in each. The First Volume Divided into Two. 3l. 17s. Boards. Cadell, &c. 1790. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume XII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, in Pall Mall, published 1794, →OCLC, footnote, page 56:",
"text": "The obſcure text, of which the light is only to be ſeen by groping our way through \"antres vaſt,\" and at times through \"deſarts idle\" of earth beneath, is frequently ſo highly elevated in the page, that it is barely entitled to [John] Milton's appellation of darkneſs viſible; and now and then it ſoars even above this, mounting (to uſe an old phraſe,) beyond a kenning.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1876, “Jus Maritimum Lubecense, in Usus Osterlingorum Descriptum, Anno 1299 = Code of Maritime Law, Drawn Up at Lubeck for the Use of the Osterlings, A.D. 1299”, in Travers Twiss, editor, Momenta Juridica. The Black Book of the Admiralty. Appendix.—Part IV. [...] Published by the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, under the Direction of the Master of the Rolls (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages), volume IV, London: Longman & Co., Paternoster Row; Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill; …, →OCLC, paragraph XVIII, page 369:",
"text": "If a person hires a ship and loads her or not entirely, and wishes to unload her, before she sets sail, he shall pay half the ship’s freight. But if the ship has sailed a kenning’s way seawards, he shall pay the shipmaster his full freight. [Footnote: kenning […] This phrase is applied in the Rutter of the Sea to signify the distance from one headland to another in sight. Vol. I., p. 115.]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The range or extent of vision, especially at sea; (by extension) a marine measure of approximately twenty miles."
],
"links": [
[
"range",
"range#Noun"
],
[
"extent",
"extent"
],
[
"vision",
"vision"
],
[
"marine",
"marine#Adjective"
],
[
"measure",
"measure#Noun"
],
[
"approximately",
"approximately"
],
[
"twenty",
"twenty"
],
[
"mile",
"mile"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The range or extent of vision, especially at sea; (by extension) a marine measure of approximately twenty miles."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "put in a kenning of salt",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Heather on Fire”, in Catriona, London; Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, →OCLC, page 111:",
"text": "His father was none so ill a man, though a kenning on the wrong side of the law, and no friend to my family, that I should waste my breath to be defending him!",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"As little as one can discriminate or recognize; a small portion, a little."
],
"links": [
[
"little",
"little"
],
[
"discriminate",
"discriminate"
],
[
"recognize",
"recognize"
],
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"portion",
"portion#Noun"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛnɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kenning.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kenning.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnɪŋ"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "sight, view, range of vision",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "ken"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms suffixed with -ing",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verb forms",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnɪŋ",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnɪŋ/2 syllables",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"en:Containers",
"en:Eggs",
"en:Units of measure"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kenning",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cennan",
"4": "",
"5": "to make known, declare"
},
"expansion": "Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kannijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kannijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kannijaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to make known"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵneh₃-",
"4": "",
"5": "to know"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kending",
"3": "",
"4": "acquaintance"
},
"expansion": "Danish kending (“acquaintance”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ken",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, ken + -ing",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English kenning, kening (“instruction, teaching; experience, knowledge; sight, view”), from kennen (“to make known, point out, reveal; to direct, instruct, teach; to know, perceive”) + -ing. Kennen is derived from Old English cennan (“to make known, declare”), from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”), the causative form of *kunnaną (“to know, be familiar with, recognize; to be able to, know how”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).\nCompare Danish kending (“acquaintance”), and see further at ken. By surface analysis, ken + -ing.",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
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{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ken"
}
],
"glosses": [
"present participle and gerund of ken."
],
"links": [
[
"ken",
"ken#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"gerund",
"participle",
"present"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/ˈkɛnɪŋ/",
"tags": [
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"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
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],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
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"English terms derived from Old English",
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"4": "",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cennan"
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"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From ken (“to beget, bring forth”), from Middle English kennen (“to beget, conceive (offspring); to give birth to”), from Old English cennan, gecennan (“to beget (offspring); to give birth to; to bring forth, produce”); see further at etymology 1.",
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}
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{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"en:Zoology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1585, “Oui vmbilicus”, in Iohn Higins, transl., The Nomenclator, or Remembrancer of Adrianus Iunius, London: Ralph Newberie and Henrie Denham, page 54:",
"text": "The ſtreine or kenning of the egge.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A chalaza or tread of an egg (a spiral band attaching the yolk of the egg to the eggshell); a cicatricula."
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"chalaza",
"chalaza"
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[
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[
"spiral",
"spiral#Adjective"
],
[
"band",
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[
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[
"yolk",
"yolk"
],
[
"eggshell",
"eggshell"
],
[
"cicatricula",
"cicatricula"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology, obsolete, rare) A chalaza or tread of an egg (a spiral band attaching the yolk of the egg to the eggshell); a cicatricula."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
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"tags": [
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"Received-Pronunciation"
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],
"word": "kenning"
}
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"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
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},
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"4": "",
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"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A learned borrowing from Old Norse kenning, from kenna (“to know; to perceive”), from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”); see further at etymology 1. Compare can, keen, ken.",
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"word": "heiti"
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],
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"en:Poetry"
],
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{
"ref": "1867–1868, George Stephens, “Bracteates”, in The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England, Now First Collected and Deciphered, volume II, London: John Russell Smith; Copenhagen: Michaelsen and Tillge; printed by H. H. Thiele, →OCLC, pages 509–510:",
"text": "[A]s we are all aware, the Skalds used all sorts of kennings from Jewels, Gold, Silver, &c., to betoken Women, &c. Gold is called \"The Sea's Blink (Blik)\", and so on, and a female is \"Gold's Mistress\", \"The Goddess of the Golden Jewel\", and so forth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1887 January, Francis B. Gummere, “Wilhelm Bode: Die Kenningar in der angelsächsen Dichtung. Mit Ausblicken auf andere Litteraturen. Darmstadt und Leipzig, 1886. [Strasburg Dissertation].”, in A. Marshall Elliott, editor, Modern Language Notes, volume II, number 1, Baltimore, Md.: [Johns Hopkins Press], →ISSN, →OCLC, column 36:",
"text": "I venture to say that a close study of the style of Piers Plowman would thoroughly dispose of alliteration as chief factor in the kenning-process.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium: Brepols, →OCLC, page 149:",
"text": "If we now move to the second helmingr, Kock tries to unscramble the two kenningar[…], but this is over-zealous, since there are ample parallels for such braiding of kenning elements. Finnbogi interprets the kenning 'ǫrbeiðanda bǫðvar jǫkla' contextually, to mean 'the one who provoked the warrior into drawing his sword' (Orkneyinga saga, 202).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Andrew Wawn with Graham Johnson and John Walter, editors, Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth: Essays in Honour of T. A. Shippey (Making in the Middle Ages; 9), Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium: Brepols, →ISBN, page 172:",
"text": "The original also makes frequent use of the circumlocutory type of poetic expression known as the kenning, which consists (in its simplest form) of a base-word (always a noun, sometimes the second of the two elements in a compound word) accompanied by a determinant (either a noun in the genitive or, in the case of a compound-word kenning, the first of the compound's two elements).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way."
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"metaphorical",
"metaphorical"
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[
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"compound"
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[
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"Germanic"
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[
"Old English",
"Old English"
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[
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[
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"simple"
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[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
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],
[
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"allusive"
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],
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],
"senseid": [
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],
"topics": [
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"writing"
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}
],
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{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Kenning"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kjenning"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kénning",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ке́ннинг"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kenning"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "metaphorical phrase used in Germanic poetry",
"word": "saalam"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
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},
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"name": "unknown"
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"form": "kennings",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Northern England English"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "63. Will of John Ogle.",
"ref": "1585–1586 January 18, “LXIII. Testamentum Johannis Ogle. [63. Will of John Ogle.]”, in [William Greenwell], editor, Wills and Inventories from the Registry at Durham. Part II (The Publications of the Surtees Society; XXXVIII), Durham: Published for the Society by George Andrews, Durham; London: Whittaker and Co., 13 Ave Maria Lane; T. and W. Boone, 29 New Bond Street; Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, published 1860, →OCLC, page 132:",
"text": "In the hall. One large table, with frame. 10s. ij cobbordes 8s. j fourme, j chaire, and j kenninge measure, 12d.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1828, chapter XXX, in E. Mackenzie, editor, compiled by James Thompson, A New, Improved, and Authentic Life of James Allan, the Celebrated Northumberland Piper; Detailing His Surprising Adventures in Various Parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, including a Complete Description of the Manners and Customs of the Gipsy Tribes. Collected from Sources of Genuine Authority, by James Thompson, with Explanatory Notes by E. Mackenzie, …, Newcastle upon Tyne: Printed and published by Mackenzie and Dent, St. Nicholas' Church-yard [...], →OCLC, page 460:",
"text": "He called one day at Mr. Hepple's, of Needless Hall, in a forlorn condition, seeking his seed (a present of corn given at seed-time). […] After this conversation, Mr. Hepple served him with a kenning of oats, which was a much greater quantity than he usually gave on such occasions.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A dry measure equivalent to half a bushel; a container with that capacity."
],
"links": [
[
"dry measure",
"dry measure"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent"
],
[
"bushel",
"bushel"
],
[
"container",
"container"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern England) A dry measure equivalent to half a bushel; a container with that capacity."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛnɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
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},
{
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}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "dry measure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "quartal"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Icelandic feminine nouns",
"Icelandic lemmas",
"Icelandic nouns",
"Icelandic terms suffixed with -ing",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to let something be a lesson to oneself",
"word": "láta sér að kenningu verða"
},
{
"english": "conspiracy theory",
"word": "samsæriskenning"
}
],
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"2": "kenna",
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},
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"name": "af"
}
],
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"forms": [
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"form": "kenningar",
"tags": [
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"singular"
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},
{
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"source": "declension",
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"nominative",
"singular"
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},
{
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninguna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningunni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningunum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningarinnar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenninganna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "kenningar",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "kenningar",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "kenning f (genitive singular kenningar, nominative plural kenningar)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"theory"
],
"links": [
[
"theory",
"theory"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"religious doctrine, teaching"
],
"links": [
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"teaching",
"teaching"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"lesson"
],
"links": [
[
"lesson",
"lesson"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"is:Poetry"
],
"glosses": [
"kenning (circumlocution used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English and later Icelandic poetry)"
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning (circumlocution used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English and later Icelandic poetry)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈcʰɛnːiŋk/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"is:kenning"
],
"word": "kenning"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "en",
"3": "kenning"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English kenning",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English kenning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenning",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenningi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "kenning m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ke‧nning"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from English",
"Polish terms derived from English",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛɲiŋk",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛɲiŋk/2 syllables",
"pl:Poetry"
],
"glosses": [
"kenning (metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way)"
],
"links": [
[
"poetry",
"poetry"
],
[
"kenning",
"kenning#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetry) kenning (metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"poetry",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɛ.ɲiŋk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛɲiŋk"
}
],
"word": "kenning"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kenning meaning in All languages combined (35.6kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"kenning"
],
"section": "Icelandic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kenning",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"kenning"
],
"section": "Icelandic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "kenning",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.