See fumage on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fumage"
},
"expansion": "Old French fumage",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fumus",
"4": "",
"5": "smoke"
},
"expansion": "Latin fumus (“smoke”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French fumage, fumaige, from Latin fumus (“smoke”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "fumage (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sfumato"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "As early as the conquest mention is made in domesday book of fumage or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings; which were paid by custom to the king for every chimney in the house",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1888, Stephen Dowell, A History of Taxation and Taxes in England from the Earliest Times to the Year 1885, Volume 1, Longmans, Green and Co, page 10:",
"text": "A FUMAGE, or tax of smoke farthings, or hearth tax, a kind of tax usually to be found among the fiscal traditions of communities in remote times, ranges among those of the Anglo-Saxon period. Such a tax is mentioned subsequently in Domesday Book.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hearth tax."
],
"id": "en-fumage-en-noun--iFug-EL",
"links": [
[
"Hearth tax",
"hearth tax"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Hearth tax."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "hearth tax",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fumagium"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Art",
"orig": "en:Art",
"parents": [
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2013, Whitney Sherman, Playing with Sketches, The Quarto Group (Rockport Publishers), page 32,\nFumage is not a frequently used drawing technique, but when used it can produce a subtle and mysterious effect. One notable twentieth-century fumage artist was banker Hugh Parker Guiler, spouse of diarist Anaïs Nin."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surrealist art technique, devised by Wolfgang Paalen, in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas."
],
"id": "en-fumage-en-noun-5Eex3Jeq",
"links": [
[
"art",
"art#Noun"
],
[
"surrealist",
"surrealist"
],
[
"candle",
"candle"
],
[
"kerosene",
"kerosene"
],
[
"lamp",
"lamp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(art) A surrealist art technique, devised by Wolfgang Paalen, in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"art",
"arts"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 95",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art technique",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fumage"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 95",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fumage"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfjuːmɪd͡ʒ/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Wolfgang Paalen",
"fumage"
],
"word": "fumage"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fumer",
"3": "-age"
},
"expansion": "fumer + -age",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From fumer + -age.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fumages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "fumage m (plural fumages)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French terms suffixed with -age",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"smoking (of food etc)"
],
"id": "en-fumage-fr-noun-khhB5fVs",
"links": [
[
"smoking",
"smoking"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fy.maʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-fumage.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Fr-fumage.ogg/Fr-fumage.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Fr-fumage.ogg"
}
],
"word": "fumage"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English undefined derivations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Latin translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fumage"
},
"expansion": "Old French fumage",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fumus",
"4": "",
"5": "smoke"
},
"expansion": "Latin fumus (“smoke”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French fumage, fumaige, from Latin fumus (“smoke”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "fumage (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "sfumato"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "As early as the conquest mention is made in domesday book of fumage or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings; which were paid by custom to the king for every chimney in the house",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1888, Stephen Dowell, A History of Taxation and Taxes in England from the Earliest Times to the Year 1885, Volume 1, Longmans, Green and Co, page 10:",
"text": "A FUMAGE, or tax of smoke farthings, or hearth tax, a kind of tax usually to be found among the fiscal traditions of communities in remote times, ranges among those of the Anglo-Saxon period. Such a tax is mentioned subsequently in Domesday Book.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hearth tax."
],
"links": [
[
"Hearth tax",
"hearth tax"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Hearth tax."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Art"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2013, Whitney Sherman, Playing with Sketches, The Quarto Group (Rockport Publishers), page 32,\nFumage is not a frequently used drawing technique, but when used it can produce a subtle and mysterious effect. One notable twentieth-century fumage artist was banker Hugh Parker Guiler, spouse of diarist Anaïs Nin."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surrealist art technique, devised by Wolfgang Paalen, in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas."
],
"links": [
[
"art",
"art#Noun"
],
[
"surrealist",
"surrealist"
],
[
"candle",
"candle"
],
[
"kerosene",
"kerosene"
],
[
"lamp",
"lamp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(art) A surrealist art technique, devised by Wolfgang Paalen, in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"art",
"arts"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfjuːmɪd͡ʒ/"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "hearth tax",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fumagium"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "art technique",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fumage"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "art technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fumage"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Wolfgang Paalen",
"fumage"
],
"word": "fumage"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fumer",
"3": "-age"
},
"expansion": "fumer + -age",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From fumer + -age.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fumages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "fumage m (plural fumages)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 2-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms suffixed with -age",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"smoking (of food etc)"
],
"links": [
[
"smoking",
"smoking"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fy.maʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-fumage.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Fr-fumage.ogg/Fr-fumage.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Fr-fumage.ogg"
}
],
"word": "fumage"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fumage meaning in All languages combined (4.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.