See enīkʷom on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*eneb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *eneb\nOld Breton: enep\nMiddle Breton: enep\nBreton: eneb, enep\nOld Cornish: eneb\nCornish: enep\nOld Welsh: enep",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *eneb\nOld Breton: enep\nMiddle Breton: enep\nBreton: eneb, enep\nOld Cornish: eneb\nCornish: enep\nOld Welsh: enep"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pgl",
"2": "ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ"
},
"expansion": "Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) (in the personal name ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: enech, enach, einech\nMiddle Irish: enech, einech, ainech\nIrish: oineach, eineach",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: enech, enach, einech\nMiddle Irish: enech, einech, ainech\nIrish: oineach, eineach"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁én",
"3": "*h₃ekʷ-",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "in",
"t2": "eye, seeing"
},
"expansion": "*h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish enech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish enech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pgl",
"2": "ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ"
},
"expansion": "Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "inchaib"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish inchaib",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”). The exact shape of the compound is difficult to reconstruct due to various phonetic irregularities in Celtic.\nOne possible reconstruction for the compound formation is *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-, which leads to *enīkʷ-. However:\n* Both Old Irish enech and the Brittonic forms fail to show raising or fronting of the initial vowel except in the Old Irish dative plural form inchaib and the Primitive Irish combining form ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa).\n* Brittonic -e- for the second vowel indicates the *-ī- must have been shortened somehow on the way to Brittonic. The lowering to -e- can then be accounted for by assuming derivation from the plural/collective *enīkʷā (note that Old Irish enech is a plurale tantum).\nTo get around these phonetic problems, *enekʷom can be reconstructed instead, with a derivation *h₁én-h₃ekʷ-, which brings its own host of morphological and phonetic problems:\n* Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) and Old Irish inchaib would thus have no phonetic source for intiial in-, since there is no high vowel ahead to raise original en- in Matasović's reconstruction.\n* Compound formations usually have their second member in the zero grade, not the e-grade, in Indo-European.\n* The proposed vowel-harmonization of *enokʷom to *enekʷom is unprecedented in Celtic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷūis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*enīkʷom n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enīkʷ"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/enīkʷom",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Middle Welsh: wyneb; Welsh",
"word": "wyneb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"face"
],
"id": "en-enīkʷom-cel-pro-noun-AoLZt59C",
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*gnūstis"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "enīkʷom"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Middle Welsh: wyneb; Welsh",
"word": "wyneb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*eneb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *eneb\nOld Breton: enep\nMiddle Breton: enep\nBreton: eneb, enep\nOld Cornish: eneb\nCornish: enep\nOld Welsh: enep",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *eneb\nOld Breton: enep\nMiddle Breton: enep\nBreton: eneb, enep\nOld Cornish: eneb\nCornish: enep\nOld Welsh: enep"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pgl",
"2": "ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ"
},
"expansion": "Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) (in the personal name ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: enech, enach, einech\nMiddle Irish: enech, einech, ainech\nIrish: oineach, eineach",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: enech, enach, einech\nMiddle Irish: enech, einech, ainech\nIrish: oineach, eineach"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁én",
"3": "*h₃ekʷ-",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "in",
"t2": "eye, seeing"
},
"expansion": "*h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish enech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "enech"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish enech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pgl",
"2": "ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ"
},
"expansion": "Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "inchaib"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish inchaib",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”). The exact shape of the compound is difficult to reconstruct due to various phonetic irregularities in Celtic.\nOne possible reconstruction for the compound formation is *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-, which leads to *enīkʷ-. However:\n* Both Old Irish enech and the Brittonic forms fail to show raising or fronting of the initial vowel except in the Old Irish dative plural form inchaib and the Primitive Irish combining form ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa).\n* Brittonic -e- for the second vowel indicates the *-ī- must have been shortened somehow on the way to Brittonic. The lowering to -e- can then be accounted for by assuming derivation from the plural/collective *enīkʷā (note that Old Irish enech is a plurale tantum).\nTo get around these phonetic problems, *enekʷom can be reconstructed instead, with a derivation *h₁én-h₃ekʷ-, which brings its own host of morphological and phonetic problems:\n* Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) and Old Irish inchaib would thus have no phonetic source for intiial in-, since there is no high vowel ahead to raise original en- in Matasović's reconstruction.\n* Compound formations usually have their second member in the zero grade, not the e-grade, in Indo-European.\n* The proposed vowel-harmonization of *enokʷom to *enekʷom is unprecedented in Celtic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-o-n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter o-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "enīkʷūis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*enīkʷom n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enīkʷ"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-o-n"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/enīkʷom",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"cel-pro:Face"
],
"glosses": [
"face"
],
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*gnūstis"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "enīkʷom"
}
Download raw JSONL data for enīkʷom meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.