See commutation on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for commutation meaning in All languages combined (14.9kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "commutation ticket"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "commutation"
},
"expansion": "French commutation",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūtātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūtātiōnem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "commūtātiō"
},
"expansion": "commūtātiō",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French commutation, from Latin commūtātiōnem, accusative singular of commūtātiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commutation (countable and uncountable, plural commutations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"topics": [
"electrical",
"electricity",
"electrical-engineering",
"electromagnetism",
"energy",
"business",
"physics",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences",
"engineering"
],
"word": "commutator"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Substitution of one thing for another; interchange."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-4Y5jXUHF",
"links": [
[
"Substitution",
"substitution"
],
[
"interchange",
"interchange"
]
],
"qualifier": "formal or archaic",
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal or archaic) Substitution of one thing for another; interchange."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 15 6 25 21 5 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1969, Philip Ziegler, The Black Death, Folio Society, published 2006, page 213",
"text": "Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-Gm9hI4wS",
"links": [
[
"payment",
"payment"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial, published 2007, page 23",
"text": "Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State"
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-NcJMxQY9",
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law) The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smekčávane na nakazánie",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "смекча́ване на наказа́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "減刑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiǎnxíng",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "减刑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "strafvermindering"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "lievennys"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izmenénije méry presečénija",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "измене́ние ме́ры пресече́ния"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 87 0 0 11 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "smjaxčénije nakazánija",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "смягче́ние наказа́ния"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 6 25 21 5 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-TcQe8Vm9",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"Substitution",
"substitution"
],
[
"phonemes",
"phonemes"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Electronics",
"orig": "en:Electronics",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 6 25 21 5 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of an electric current."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-1rJpm86u",
"links": [
[
"electronics",
"electronics"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(electronics) The reversal of an electric current."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"electrical-engineering",
"electricity",
"electromagnetism",
"electronics",
"energy",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 0 5 91 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prevkljúčvane",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "превклю́чване"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 0 5 91 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "komutácija",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комута́ция"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 0 5 91 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"word": "kommutointi"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 0 5 91 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comutação"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 0 5 91 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kommutácija",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "коммута́ция"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-ymF6ByqT",
"links": [
[
"pass",
"pass"
],
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"alteration",
"alteration"
],
[
"mutation",
"mutation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smjána",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смя́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmjána",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "размя́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"word": "pergantian"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"word": "komutasi"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izmenénije",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "измене́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sména",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сме́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 9 1 0 76 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zameščénije",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "замеще́ние"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-nAJW23En",
"links": [
[
"barter",
"barter"
],
[
"exchange",
"exchange"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zamjána",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "замя́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmjána",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "размя́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"word": "vaihtaminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaména",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "заме́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bártɛr",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ба́ртер"
},
{
"_dis1": "12 6 0 1 1 5 76",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "razmén",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "разме́н"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "commute",
"id": "regular journey"
},
"expansion": "commute",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From commute.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commutation (countable and uncountable, plural commutations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 6 25 21 5 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1879, WR Martin, “Cities as Units in Our Polity”, in The North American Review",
"text": "but there was no city officer to stand forth and ask for it — not even so much as to require frequent trains, low fares, and commutations on that part of the road which ran within the city limits.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1981, David W. Lantis, Rodney Steiner, Arthur E. Karinen, California, land of contrast, page 166",
"text": "These permit the limited number willing to abandon their automobiles for long hikes to visit some of the most rugged terrain in Southern California. Major resort centers with substantial year-around residence (and much commutation) occur in the western Santa Monica Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains, and around Idyllwild in the San Jacinto.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, BW Hawkins, DM Ihrke, “Research Note: Reexamining the Suburban Exploitation Thesis in American Metropolitan Areas”, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism",
"text": "After decades of complaint that cities are exploited by suburban commuters, the American metropolis is experiencing more and more commutation in the other direction. In some metropolitan areas, there is as much commutation out of the city as into it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Mary W. Quigley, Loretta E. Kaufman, Going Back To Work: A Survival Guide for Comeback Moms, page 36",
"text": "When Mary worked as an adjunct, she deliberately never calculated how much commutation and the babysitter were costing because she suspected that she was probably losing money on the deal.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting."
],
"id": "en-commutation-en-noun-E5dIx5Py",
"links": [
[
"commuting",
"commuting"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, nonstandard) The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting."
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"nonstandard",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "commutation f (plural commutations)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commutation"
],
"id": "en-commutation-fr-noun-kqeio1zG",
"links": [
[
"commutation",
"commutation#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav.mp3",
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"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 4-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "commutation ticket"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "commutation"
},
"expansion": "French commutation",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "commūtātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Latin commūtātiōnem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "commūtātiō"
},
"expansion": "commūtātiō",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French commutation, from Latin commūtātiōnem, accusative singular of commūtātiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commutation (countable and uncountable, plural commutations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"topics": [
"electrical",
"electricity",
"electrical-engineering",
"electromagnetism",
"energy",
"business",
"physics",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences",
"engineering"
],
"word": "commutator"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English formal terms",
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Substitution of one thing for another; interchange."
],
"links": [
[
"Substitution",
"substitution"
],
[
"interchange",
"interchange"
]
],
"qualifier": "formal or archaic",
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal or archaic) Substitution of one thing for another; interchange."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1969, Philip Ziegler, The Black Death, Folio Society, published 2006, page 213",
"text": "Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour."
],
"links": [
[
"payment",
"payment"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial, published 2007, page 23",
"text": "Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State"
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law) The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"Substitution",
"substitution"
],
[
"phonemes",
"phonemes"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Electronics"
],
"glosses": [
"The reversal of an electric current."
],
"links": [
[
"electronics",
"electronics"
],
[
"reversal",
"reversal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(electronics) The reversal of an electric current."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"electrical-engineering",
"electricity",
"electromagnetism",
"electronics",
"energy",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation."
],
"links": [
[
"pass",
"pass"
],
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"alteration",
"alteration"
],
[
"mutation",
"mutation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange."
],
"links": [
[
"barter",
"barter"
],
[
"exchange",
"exchange"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smjána",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смя́на"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmjána",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "размя́на"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"word": "pergantian"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"word": "komutasi"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izmenénije",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "измене́ние"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sména",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сме́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zameščénije",
"sense": "a passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "замеще́ние"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smekčávane na nakazánie",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "смекча́ване на наказа́ние"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "減刑"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiǎnxíng",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "减刑"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "strafvermindering"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"word": "lievennys"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izmenénije méry presečénija",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "измене́ние ме́ры пресече́ния"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "smjaxčénije nakazánija",
"sense": "the change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "смягче́ние наказа́ния"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zamjána",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "замя́на"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmjána",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "размя́на"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"word": "vaihtaminen"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaména",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "заме́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bártɛr",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ба́ртер"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "razmén",
"sense": "the act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "разме́н"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prevkljúčvane",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "превклю́чване"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "komutácija",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "комута́ция"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"word": "kommutointi"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "comutação"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kommutácija",
"sense": "the reversal of an electric current",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "коммута́ция"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 4-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "commute",
"id": "regular journey"
},
"expansion": "commute",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From commute.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "commutation (countable and uncountable, plural commutations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1879, WR Martin, “Cities as Units in Our Polity”, in The North American Review",
"text": "but there was no city officer to stand forth and ask for it — not even so much as to require frequent trains, low fares, and commutations on that part of the road which ran within the city limits.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1981, David W. Lantis, Rodney Steiner, Arthur E. Karinen, California, land of contrast, page 166",
"text": "These permit the limited number willing to abandon their automobiles for long hikes to visit some of the most rugged terrain in Southern California. Major resort centers with substantial year-around residence (and much commutation) occur in the western Santa Monica Mountains, the San Bernardino Mountains, and around Idyllwild in the San Jacinto.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, BW Hawkins, DM Ihrke, “Research Note: Reexamining the Suburban Exploitation Thesis in American Metropolitan Areas”, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism",
"text": "After decades of complaint that cities are exploited by suburban commuters, the American metropolis is experiencing more and more commutation in the other direction. In some metropolitan areas, there is as much commutation out of the city as into it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Mary W. Quigley, Loretta E. Kaufman, Going Back To Work: A Survival Guide for Comeback Moms, page 36",
"text": "When Mary worked as an adjunct, she deliberately never calculated how much commutation and the babysitter were costing because she suspected that she was probably losing money on the deal.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting."
],
"links": [
[
"commuting",
"commuting"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, nonstandard) The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting."
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"nonstandard",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commutation.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "commutations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "commutation f (plural commutations)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French nouns",
"French terms with audio links"
],
"glosses": [
"commutation"
],
"links": [
[
"commutation",
"commutation#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-commutation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-commutation.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "commutation"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.