See chivo on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for chivo meaning in All languages combined (9.6kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhe",
"2": "es",
"3": "chivo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish chivo",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish chivo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhe",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhe",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"goat"
],
"id": "en-chivo-nhe-noun-VIDwjzWW",
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhm",
"2": "es",
"3": "chivo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish chivo",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish chivo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Morelos Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Morelos Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"goat"
],
"id": "en-chivo-nhm-noun-VIDwjzWW",
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "barba de chivo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "chivito"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "chivo expiatorio"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cuerno de chivo"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chibo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese chibo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chèvre"
},
"expansion": "French chèvre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cabro"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cabro",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare with Portuguese chibo, French chèvre. Doublet of cabro.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chivos",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiva",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chivas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "chivo m (plural chivos, feminine chiva, feminine plural chivas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"goat (animal), kid (young male goat, most often)"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-aTV8arFp",
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
],
[
"kid",
"kid"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabro"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Nicaraguan Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 32 23 1 2 0 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 9 32 22 2 3 0 29",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "es:Baby animals",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 20 27 2 3 21 23",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Prostitution",
"orig": "es:Prostitution",
"parents": [
"Sexuality",
"Human behaviour",
"Sex",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Reproduction",
"Fundamental",
"Life",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a male who lives with a prostitute and benefits from her earnings, a pimp"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-T2ysm1Hj",
"links": [
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Nicaragua) a male who lives with a prostitute and benefits from her earnings, a pimp"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "proxeneta"
},
{
"word": "cabrón"
},
{
"word": "cafiche"
}
],
"tags": [
"Nicaragua",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Cuban Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 32 23 1 2 0 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 9 32 22 2 3 0 29",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "es:Baby animals",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 11 16 54 0 0 0 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "People",
"orig": "es:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 20 27 2 3 21 23",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Prostitution",
"orig": "es:Prostitution",
"parents": [
"Sexuality",
"Human behaviour",
"Sex",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Reproduction",
"Fundamental",
"Life",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"informer, traitor"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-okt8jez3",
"links": [
[
"informer",
"informer"
],
[
"traitor",
"traitor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cuba) informer, traitor"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "delator"
}
],
"tags": [
"Cuba",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Cuban Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bicycle"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-0pr4ouFg",
"links": [
[
"bicycle",
"bicycle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cuba) bicycle"
],
"tags": [
"Cuba",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Louisiana Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"someone from the city"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-JHhmsSi0",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Louisiana) someone from the city"
],
"tags": [
"Louisiana",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Peruvian Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 20 27 2 3 21 23",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Prostitution",
"orig": "es:Prostitution",
"parents": [
"Sexuality",
"Human behaviour",
"Sex",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Reproduction",
"Fundamental",
"Life",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a homosexual"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-noun-Uz7IyW5P",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Peru, vulgar, derogatory) a homosexual"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabro"
},
{
"word": "maricón"
}
],
"tags": [
"Peru",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"vulgar"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chibo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese chibo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chèvre"
},
"expansion": "French chèvre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cabro"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cabro",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare with Portuguese chibo, French chèvre. Doublet of cabro.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chiva",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chivos",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chivas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "chivo (feminine chiva, masculine plural chivos, feminine plural chivas)",
"name": "es-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Costa Rican Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Salvadorian Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love your design, it's so cool!",
"text": "Me encanta tu diseño, ¡qué chivo!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cool, awesome (said of a thing)"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-adj-UtOQJprk",
"links": [
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"awesome",
"awesome"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(El Salvador, Costa Rica, slang) cool, awesome (said of a thing)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "guay"
}
],
"tags": [
"Costa-Rica",
"El-Salvador",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 1 32 23 1 2 0 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 9 32 22 2 3 0 29",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "es:Baby animals",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 10 27 21 2 3 0 34",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Goats",
"orig": "es:Goats",
"parents": [
"Caprines",
"Livestock",
"Even-toed ungulates",
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Mammals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"Vertebrates",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Chordates",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 20 27 2 3 21 23",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Prostitution",
"orig": "es:Prostitution",
"parents": [
"Sexuality",
"Human behaviour",
"Sex",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Reproduction",
"Fundamental",
"Life",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "chivar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present indicative of chivar"
],
"id": "en-chivo-es-verb-XMuk7KXi",
"links": [
[
"chivar",
"chivar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhw",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Western Huasteca Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhw",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Western Huasteca Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"goat."
],
"id": "en-chivo-nhw-noun-tAQXMVTr",
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhe",
"2": "es",
"3": "chivo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish chivo",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish chivo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhe",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhe",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl lemmas",
"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl nouns",
"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl terms borrowed from Spanish",
"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl terms derived from Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"goat"
],
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhm",
"2": "es",
"3": "chivo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish chivo",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish chivo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Morelos Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Morelos Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Morelos Nahuatl lemmas",
"Morelos Nahuatl nouns",
"Morelos Nahuatl terms borrowed from Spanish",
"Morelos Nahuatl terms derived from Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"goat"
],
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish adjectives",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish doublets",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish verb forms",
"es:Baby animals",
"es:Goats",
"es:People",
"es:Prostitution"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "barba de chivo"
},
{
"word": "chivito"
},
{
"word": "chivo expiatorio"
},
{
"word": "cuerno de chivo"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chibo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese chibo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chèvre"
},
"expansion": "French chèvre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cabro"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cabro",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare with Portuguese chibo, French chèvre. Doublet of cabro.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chivos",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiva",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chivas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "chivo m (plural chivos, feminine chiva, feminine plural chivas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"goat (animal), kid (young male goat, most often)"
],
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
],
[
"kid",
"kid"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabro"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Nicaraguan Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"a male who lives with a prostitute and benefits from her earnings, a pimp"
],
"links": [
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Nicaragua) a male who lives with a prostitute and benefits from her earnings, a pimp"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "proxeneta"
},
{
"word": "cabrón"
},
{
"word": "cafiche"
}
],
"tags": [
"Nicaragua",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Cuban Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"informer, traitor"
],
"links": [
[
"informer",
"informer"
],
[
"traitor",
"traitor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cuba) informer, traitor"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "delator"
}
],
"tags": [
"Cuba",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Cuban Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"bicycle"
],
"links": [
[
"bicycle",
"bicycle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Cuba) bicycle"
],
"tags": [
"Cuba",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Louisiana Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"someone from the city"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Louisiana) someone from the city"
],
"tags": [
"Louisiana",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Peruvian Spanish",
"Spanish derogatory terms",
"Spanish vulgarities"
],
"glosses": [
"a homosexual"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"homosexual",
"homosexual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Peru, vulgar, derogatory) a homosexual"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabro"
},
{
"word": "maricón"
}
],
"tags": [
"Peru",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"vulgar"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish adjectives",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish doublets",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish verb forms",
"es:Baby animals",
"es:Goats",
"es:People",
"es:Prostitution"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "chibo"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese chibo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chèvre"
},
"expansion": "French chèvre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cabro"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cabro",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare with Portuguese chibo, French chèvre. Doublet of cabro.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chiva",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chivos",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chivas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "chivo (feminine chiva, masculine plural chivos, feminine plural chivas)",
"name": "es-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Costa Rican Spanish",
"Salvadorian Spanish",
"Spanish slang",
"Spanish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love your design, it's so cool!",
"text": "Me encanta tu diseño, ¡qué chivo!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cool, awesome (said of a thing)"
],
"links": [
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"awesome",
"awesome"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(El Salvador, Costa Rica, slang) cool, awesome (said of a thing)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "guay"
}
],
"tags": [
"Costa-Rica",
"El-Salvador",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ibo/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish verb forms",
"es:Baby animals",
"es:Goats",
"es:People",
"es:Prostitution"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"chi‧vo"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "chivar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present indicative of chivar"
],
"links": [
[
"chivar",
"chivar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ʃibo/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡ʃi.β̞o]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ibo"
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nhw",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "chivo",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Western Huasteca Nahuatl",
"lang_code": "nhw",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Western Huasteca Nahuatl entries with incorrect language header",
"Western Huasteca Nahuatl lemmas",
"Western Huasteca Nahuatl nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"goat."
],
"links": [
[
"goat",
"goat"
]
]
}
],
"word": "chivo"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.