See airspace on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dead-air space"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "air",
"3": "space"
},
"expansion": "air + space",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From air + space.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "airspaces",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "~"
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"expansion": "airspace (countable and uncountable, plural airspaces)",
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"pos": "noun",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "u-space"
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"examples": [
{
"text": "Various European countries transferred the aviation control of their adjoining airspace to Eurocontrol, while each retaining legal jurisdiction.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2020 March 25, “Network News: Railway working with government to combat crisis”, in Rail, page 7:",
"text": "Haines has previous experience of dealing with a hugely disruptive crisis. He said: \"I left the railway in 2008 and went to the Civil Aviation Authority. And within a few months I was in the middle of an Icelandic volcanic storm. Eyafjallajokull closed airspace across northern Europe.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A specified portion of the atmosphere, especially that under the technical aviation control and/or jurisdiction of a particular state over which territory (and territorial waters) it lies."
],
"id": "en-airspace-en-noun-JpfyX3EI",
"links": [
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[
"aviation",
"aviation"
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[
"specified",
"specified"
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[
"portion",
"portion"
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[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
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[
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],
[
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[
"state",
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics, aviation) A specified portion of the atmosphere, especially that under the technical aviation control and/or jurisdiction of a particular state over which territory (and territorial waters) it lies."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
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"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
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"natural-sciences",
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"politics"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pavjétranaja prastóra",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "паве́траная прасто́ра"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "領空"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lǐngkōng",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "领空"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kōngyù",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "空域"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shàngkōng",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "上空"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
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},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "ilmatila"
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{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
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],
"word": "espace aérien"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sahaero sivrce",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "საჰაერო სივრცე"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Luftraum"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "légtér"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "wilayah udara"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aerspás"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"alt": "りょうくう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ryōkū",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "領空"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"alt": "領空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yeonggong",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "영공"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"alt": "領空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ryeonggong",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"North-Korea"
],
"word": "령공"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "ruang udara"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "przestrzeń powietrzna"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espaço aéreo"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spațiu aerian"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdúšnoje prostránstvo",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "возду́шное простра́нство"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espacio aéreo"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "luftrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâan-fáa",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "น่านฟ้า"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "povítrjányj próstir",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пові́тря́ний про́стір"
},
{
"_dis1": "49 6 3 38 3",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "không phận"
}
]
},
{
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"kind": "topical",
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"name": "Aviation",
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"Sciences",
"All topics",
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"glosses": [
"that part of the sky designated for the sole use of aircraft."
],
"id": "en-airspace-en-noun-mlhTn4RG",
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
],
[
"aircraft",
"aircraft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(aviation) that part of the sky designated for the sole use of aircraft."
],
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],
"topics": [
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"aerospace",
"aviation",
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"engineering",
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"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pavjétranaja prastóra",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "паве́траная прасто́ра"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "nl",
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"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "luchtruim"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "ilmatila"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espace aérien"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sahaero sivrce",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "საჰაერო სივრცე"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Luftraum"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aerspás"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "ruang udara"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espaço aéreo"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdúšnoje prostránstvo",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "возду́шное простра́нство"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espacio aéreo"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâan-fáa",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "น่านฟ้า"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 76 5 9 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "povítrjányj próstir",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пові́тря́ний про́стір"
}
]
},
{
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{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Broadcasting",
"orig": "en:Broadcasting",
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"Telecommunications",
"Communication",
"Technology",
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{
"text": "The legalisation of free radios caused a bitter fight for airspace.",
"type": "example"
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],
"glosses": [
"Space (i.e. a few neighboring frequencies) available for broadcasting within a particular frequency band."
],
"id": "en-airspace-en-noun-kXvYpg39",
"links": [
[
"broadcasting",
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[
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"space"
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[
"broadcast",
"broadcast"
],
[
"frequency",
"frequency"
],
[
"band",
"band"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(broadcasting) Space (i.e. a few neighboring frequencies) available for broadcasting within a particular frequency band."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"broadcasting",
"media"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "11 9 70 4 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "zendruimte"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 9 70 4 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "bandbreedte"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 9 70 4 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "taajuusalue"
}
]
},
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],
"glosses": [
"The portion of an enclosed area which contains air, especially breathable air."
],
"id": "en-airspace-en-noun-MEdlyYQP",
"links": [
[
"portion",
"portion"
],
[
"breathable",
"breathable"
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},
{
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"name": "Construction",
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],
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"The cavity in a cavity wall containing air for insulation."
],
"id": "en-airspace-en-noun-Wue1Y75J",
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[
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[
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"cavity wall"
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[
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"insulation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(construction) The cavity in a cavity wall containing air for insulation."
],
"tags": [
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],
"topics": [
"business",
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"manufacturing"
]
}
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"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "territorial sky"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "jurisdictional sky"
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{
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"word": "air space"
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"word": "airspace"
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"derived": [
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"word": "dead-air space"
}
],
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}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "u-space"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Aviation",
"en:Politics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Various European countries transferred the aviation control of their adjoining airspace to Eurocontrol, while each retaining legal jurisdiction.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2020 March 25, “Network News: Railway working with government to combat crisis”, in Rail, page 7:",
"text": "Haines has previous experience of dealing with a hugely disruptive crisis. He said: \"I left the railway in 2008 and went to the Civil Aviation Authority. And within a few months I was in the middle of an Icelandic volcanic storm. Eyafjallajokull closed airspace across northern Europe.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A specified portion of the atmosphere, especially that under the technical aviation control and/or jurisdiction of a particular state over which territory (and territorial waters) it lies."
],
"links": [
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"specified",
"specified"
],
[
"portion",
"portion"
],
[
"atmosphere",
"atmosphere"
],
[
"control",
"control"
],
[
"jurisdiction",
"jurisdiction"
],
[
"state",
"state"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics, aviation) A specified portion of the atmosphere, especially that under the technical aviation control and/or jurisdiction of a particular state over which territory (and territorial waters) it lies."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"government",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Aviation"
],
"glosses": [
"that part of the sky designated for the sole use of aircraft."
],
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"sky",
"sky"
],
[
"aircraft",
"aircraft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(aviation) that part of the sky designated for the sole use of aircraft."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Broadcasting"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The legalisation of free radios caused a bitter fight for airspace.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Space (i.e. a few neighboring frequencies) available for broadcasting within a particular frequency band."
],
"links": [
[
"broadcasting",
"broadcasting#Noun"
],
[
"Space",
"space"
],
[
"broadcast",
"broadcast"
],
[
"frequency",
"frequency"
],
[
"band",
"band"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(broadcasting) Space (i.e. a few neighboring frequencies) available for broadcasting within a particular frequency band."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"broadcasting",
"media"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The portion of an enclosed area which contains air, especially breathable air."
],
"links": [
[
"portion",
"portion"
],
[
"breathable",
"breathable"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Construction"
],
"glosses": [
"The cavity in a cavity wall containing air for insulation."
],
"links": [
[
"construction",
"construction"
],
[
"cavity",
"cavity"
],
[
"cavity wall",
"cavity wall"
],
[
"insulation",
"insulation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(construction) The cavity in a cavity wall containing air for insulation."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-airspace.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-airspace.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-airspace.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-airspace.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-airspace.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "territorial sky"
},
{
"word": "jurisdictional sky"
},
{
"word": "air space"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pavjétranaja prastóra",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "паве́траная прасто́ра"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "領空"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lǐngkōng",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "领空"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kōngyù",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "空域"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shàngkōng",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "上空"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "luchtruim"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "ilmatila"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espace aérien"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sahaero sivrce",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "საჰაერო სივრცე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Luftraum"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "légtér"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "wilayah udara"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aerspás"
},
{
"alt": "りょうくう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ryōkū",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "領空"
},
{
"alt": "領空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yeonggong",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "영공"
},
{
"alt": "領空",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ryeonggong",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"North-Korea"
],
"word": "령공"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "ruang udara"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "przestrzeń powietrzna"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espaço aéreo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "spațiu aerian"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdúšnoje prostránstvo",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "возду́шное простра́нство"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espacio aéreo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "luftrum"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâan-fáa",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "น่านฟ้า"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "povítrjányj próstir",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пові́тря́ний про́стір"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "controlled portion of atmosphere",
"word": "không phận"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pavjétranaja prastóra",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "паве́траная прасто́ра"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "luchtruim"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "ilmatila"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espace aérien"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "sahaero sivrce",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "საჰაერო სივრცე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Luftraum"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aerspás"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "ruang udara"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espaço aéreo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdúšnoje prostránstvo",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "возду́шное простра́нство"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espacio aéreo"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâan-fáa",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"word": "น่านฟ้า"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "povítrjányj próstir",
"sense": "part of sky used by aircraft",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пові́тря́ний про́стір"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "zendruimte"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "bandbreedte"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "broadcasting space",
"word": "taajuusalue"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"airspace"
],
"word": "airspace"
}
Download raw JSONL data for airspace meaning in All languages combined (10.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.