"abusion" meaning in All languages combined

See abusion on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

IPA: /əˈbjuː.ʒn̩/ [Received-Pronunciation], /əˈbju.ʒn̩/ [US] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abusion.wav Forms: abusions [plural]
Rhymes: -uːʒən Etymology: From Middle English abusioun, from Old French abusion, from Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), from abūtor (“misuse”). Doublet of abusio. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|abusioun}} Middle English abusioun, {{der|en|fro|abusion}} Old French abusion, {{der|en|la|abūsiō||abuse, misuse}} Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), {{doublet|en|abusio}} Doublet of abusio Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} abusion (countable and uncountable, plural abusions), {{tlb|en|chiefly|EME}} (chiefly Early Modern)
  1. (obsolete) Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse. Tags: Early, Modern, countable, obsolete, uncountable
    Sense id: en-abusion-en-noun-9qZjcpBU Categories (other): Early Modern English, English entries with incorrect language header, Old French entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Early Modern English: 94 1 5 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 82 2 16 Disambiguation of Old French entries with incorrect language header: 81 2 14 1 2 1 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 80 3 9 3 3 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 86 2 6 2 2 2
  2. (obsolete) Deceit; abuse of the truth. Tags: Early, Modern, countable, obsolete, uncountable
    Sense id: en-abusion-en-noun-xmhC~l44
  3. (obsolete, rhetoric) Catachresis. Tags: Early, Modern, countable, obsolete, rhetoric, uncountable Categories (topical): Rhetoric
    Sense id: en-abusion-en-noun--KYQqPLC
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: abuse

Noun [Old French]

Forms: abusion oblique singular or [canonical, feminine], abusions [oblique, plural], abusion [nominative, singular], abusions [nominative, plural]
Head templates: {{fro-noun|f}} abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)
  1. abuse
    Sense id: en-abusion-fro-noun-pgorsQ-t
  2. deception; deceit
    Sense id: en-abusion-fro-noun-j6lM8Brj
  3. lie; untruth
    Sense id: en-abusion-fro-noun-FUzQvLIU

Inflected forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abusioun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abusioun",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "abusion"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French abusion",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abūsiō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "abuse, misuse"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "abusio"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of abusio",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abusioun, from Old French abusion, from Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), from abūtor (“misuse”). Doublet of abusio.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "abusion (countable and uncountable, plural abusions)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "chiefly",
        "3": "EME"
      },
      "expansion": "(chiefly Early Modern)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "abuse"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "94 1 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Early Modern English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "82 2 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "81 2 14 1 2 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "80 3 9 3 3 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "86 2 6 2 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse."
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-en-noun-9qZjcpBU",
      "links": [
        [
          "Misuse",
          "misuse"
        ],
        [
          "abuse",
          "abuse"
        ],
        [
          "illegal",
          "illegal"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.",
          "roman": "Hath brought nobil princes to extreme confuſion.",
          "text": "Such tunges unhappy hath made great diviſion\nIn realmes, in cities, by ſuche fals abuſion;\nOf fals fickil tunges ſuche cloked colluſion"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "[…] by those vgly formes weren pourtrayd, / Foolish delights and fond abusions, / Which do that sence besiege with light illusions.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deceit; abuse of the truth."
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-en-noun-xmhC~l44",
      "links": [
        [
          "Deceit",
          "deceit"
        ],
        [
          "truth",
          "truth"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Deceit; abuse of the truth."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Rhetoric",
          "orig": "en:Rhetoric",
          "parents": [
            "Language",
            "Communication",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Catachresis."
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-en-noun--KYQqPLC",
      "links": [
        [
          "rhetoric",
          "rhetoric"
        ],
        [
          "Catachresis",
          "catachresis"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete, rhetoric) Catachresis."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "rhetoric",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbjuː.ʒn̩/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abusion.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbju.ʒn̩/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-uːʒən"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abusion"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abusion oblique singular or",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "oblique",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusion",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)",
      "name": "fro-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "abuse"
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-fro-noun-pgorsQ-t",
      "links": [
        [
          "abuse",
          "abuse"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "deception; deceit"
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-fro-noun-j6lM8Brj",
      "links": [
        [
          "deception",
          "deception"
        ],
        [
          "deceit",
          "deceit"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You say such lies\nThat no-one could describe them",
          "ref": "c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la desputizons dou croisie et dou descroisie.:",
          "text": "Tu dis si grant abusion\nQue nus ne la porroit descrire[.]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "lie; untruth"
      ],
      "id": "en-abusion-fro-noun-FUzQvLIU",
      "links": [
        [
          "lie",
          "lie"
        ],
        [
          "untruth",
          "untruth"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "abusion"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Early Modern English",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French feminine nouns",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/uːʒən",
    "Rhymes:English/uːʒən/3 syllables"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "abusioun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English abusioun",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "abusion"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French abusion",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abūsiō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "abuse, misuse"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "abusio"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of abusio",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English abusioun, from Old French abusion, from Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), from abūtor (“misuse”). Doublet of abusio.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "abusion (countable and uncountable, plural abusions)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "chiefly",
        "3": "EME"
      },
      "expansion": "(chiefly Early Modern)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "abuse"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Misuse",
          "misuse"
        ],
        [
          "abuse",
          "abuse"
        ],
        [
          "illegal",
          "illegal"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.",
          "roman": "Hath brought nobil princes to extreme confuſion.",
          "text": "Such tunges unhappy hath made great diviſion\nIn realmes, in cities, by ſuche fals abuſion;\nOf fals fickil tunges ſuche cloked colluſion"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "[…] by those vgly formes weren pourtrayd, / Foolish delights and fond abusions, / Which do that sence besiege with light illusions.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deceit; abuse of the truth."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Deceit",
          "deceit"
        ],
        [
          "truth",
          "truth"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Deceit; abuse of the truth."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "en:Rhetoric"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Catachresis."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rhetoric",
          "rhetoric"
        ],
        [
          "Catachresis",
          "catachresis"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete, rhetoric) Catachresis."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early",
        "Modern",
        "countable",
        "obsolete",
        "rhetoric",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbjuː.ʒn̩/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abusion.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/əˈbju.ʒn̩/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-uːʒən"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abusion"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French feminine nouns",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abusion oblique singular or",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "oblique",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusion",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abusions",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)",
      "name": "fro-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "abuse"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abuse",
          "abuse"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "deception; deceit"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "deception",
          "deception"
        ],
        [
          "deceit",
          "deceit"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old French terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You say such lies\nThat no-one could describe them",
          "ref": "c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la desputizons dou croisie et dou descroisie.:",
          "text": "Tu dis si grant abusion\nQue nus ne la porroit descrire[.]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "lie; untruth"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lie",
          "lie"
        ],
        [
          "untruth",
          "untruth"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "abusion"
}

Download raw JSONL data for abusion meaning in All languages combined (5.0kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
  "msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'abusion oblique singular or', originally 'abusion oblique singular or f'",
  "path": [
    "abusion"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abusion",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
  "msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'abusion oblique singular or', originally 'abusion oblique singular or f'",
  "path": [
    "abusion"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abusion",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
  "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['feminine', 'canonical']: 'abusion oblique singular or' in 'abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)'",
  "path": [
    "abusion"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abusion",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "abusion/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"Early Modern English\", \"English countable nouns\", \"English doublets\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Old French entries with incorrect language header\", \"Old French feminine nouns\", \"Old French lemmas\", \"Old French nouns\", \"Pages with 2 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Rhymes:English/uːʒən\", \"Rhymes:English/uːʒən/3 syllables\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"abusioun\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English abusioun\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"abusion\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French abusion\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abūsiō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"abuse, misuse\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"abusio\"}, \"expansion\": \"Doublet of abusio\", \"name\": \"doublet\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Middle English abusioun, from Old French abusion, from Latin abūsiō (“abuse, misuse”), from abūtor (“misuse”). Doublet of abusio.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abusions\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"abusion (countable and uncountable, plural abusions)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"chiefly\", \"3\": \"EME\"}, \"expansion\": \"(chiefly Early Modern)\", \"name\": \"tlb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abuse\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse.\"], \"links\": [[\"Misuse\", \"misuse\"], [\"abuse\", \"abuse\"], [\"illegal\", \"illegal\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(obsolete) Misuse, abuse; in particular, illegal behaviour; verbal, physical or sexual abuse.\"], \"tags\": [\"Early\", \"Modern\", \"countable\", \"obsolete\", \"uncountable\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.\", \"roman\": \"Hath brought nobil princes to extreme confuſion.\", \"text\": \"Such tunges unhappy hath made great diviſion\\nIn realmes, in cities, by ſuche fals abuſion;\\nOf fals fickil tunges ſuche cloked colluſion\"}, {\"ref\": \"1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"[…] by those vgly formes weren pourtrayd, / Foolish delights and fond abusions, / Which do that sence besiege with light illusions.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deceit; abuse of the truth.\"], \"links\": [[\"Deceit\", \"deceit\"], [\"truth\", \"truth\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(obsolete) Deceit; abuse of the truth.\"], \"tags\": [\"Early\", \"Modern\", \"countable\", \"obsolete\", \"uncountable\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"en:Rhetoric\"], \"glosses\": [\"Catachresis.\"], \"links\": [[\"rhetoric\", \"rhetoric\"], [\"Catachresis\", \"catachresis\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(obsolete, rhetoric) Catachresis.\"], \"tags\": [\"Early\", \"Modern\", \"countable\", \"obsolete\", \"rhetoric\", \"uncountable\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əˈbjuː.ʒn̩/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abusion.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abusion.wav.ogg\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/əˈbju.ʒn̩/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-uːʒən\"}], \"word\": \"abusion\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "abusion",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (b81b832 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.