See CIS on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for CIS meaning in All languages combined (10.3kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Initialism.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CIS",
"name": "en-prop"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Independent States"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Commonwealth of Independent States."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-name-4x-3XLOF",
"links": [
[
"Commonwealth of Independent States",
"Commonwealth of Independent States#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "GOS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "APH",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "ԱՊՀ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "BDB",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "БДБ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "EIE"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "SND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "СНД"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "KSD"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "OND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "ОНД"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNG"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "GOS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SRÜ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "IVY"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "GUS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "KAK",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ΚΑΚ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "FÁK"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CIS (CIS)"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"alt": "どくりつこっかきょうどうたい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dokuritsu-kokka-kyōdōtai",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "独立国家共同体"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "NVS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SUS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SUS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "WNP"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CSI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "SNG",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "СНГ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNŠ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "OSS"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "SND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "СНД"
}
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Construction Industry Scheme"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "en:Business",
"parents": [
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Construction Industry Scheme."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-name-BS1O6u2w",
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"Construction",
"construction#English"
],
[
"Industry",
"industry#English"
],
[
"Scheme",
"scheme#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, business) Initialism of Construction Industry Scheme."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Canadian Interuniversity Sport"
},
{
"word": "former name of U Sports"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Canadian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sports",
"orig": "en:Sports",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 8 56 11 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "College sports",
"orig": "en:College sports",
"parents": [
"Sports",
"Universities",
"Human activity",
"Schools",
"Human behaviour",
"Buildings",
"Education",
"Human",
"Buildings and structures",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Architecture",
"Fundamental",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, former name of U Sports."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-name-irhO1NyC",
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"Canadian",
"Canadian#English"
],
[
"Interuniversity",
"interuniversity#English"
],
[
"Sport",
"sport#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada, sports, historical) Initialism of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, former name of U Sports."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"historical",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Initialism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "CISes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es"
},
"expansion": "CIS (plural CISes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "contact image sensor"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 24 19 32 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1998, PC Mag, volume 17, number 18, page 179",
"text": "Because of its tabloid-size scanbed, the Plug-n-Scan has a large footprint that makes it very stable. On the other hand, being a CIS scanner, it's light and has a very low profile and is designed so that the scanner can be stood upright on its end and still function.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of contact image sensor."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-noun-2YxUtD-u",
"links": [
[
"contact image sensor",
"w:contact image sensor"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "clinical information system"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Software",
"orig": "en:Software",
"parents": [
"Computing",
"Media",
"Technology",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of clinical information system."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-noun-hTMrVL3v",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"software",
"software"
],
[
"acronym",
"acronym"
],
[
"initialism",
"initialism"
],
[
"clinical",
"clinical#English"
],
[
"information",
"information#English"
],
[
"system",
"system#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine, software, acronym, initialism) Abbreviation of clinical information system."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"acronym",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences",
"software"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cis"
},
"expansion": "cis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comfortable"
},
"expansion": "comfortable",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "in"
},
"expansion": "in",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "skin"
},
"expansion": "skin",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely originates from the false etymology asserting that cis is an initialism standing for comfortable in skin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "CIS (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "cisgender",
"word": "cis"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 4 15 12 20 16",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Gender",
"orig": "en:Gender",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative letter-case form of cis (“cisgender”)."
],
"id": "en-CIS-en-adj-RT7LnQ26",
"links": [
[
"cis",
"cis#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(proscribed) Alternative letter-case form of cis (“cisgender”)."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"not-comparable",
"proscribed"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English proper nouns",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:College sports",
"en:Gender"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Initialism.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CIS",
"name": "en-prop"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Independent States"
}
],
"categories": [
"English initialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Commonwealth of Independent States."
],
"links": [
[
"Commonwealth of Independent States",
"Commonwealth of Independent States#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Construction Industry Scheme"
}
],
"categories": [
"British English",
"English initialisms",
"en:Business"
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Construction Industry Scheme."
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"Construction",
"construction#English"
],
[
"Industry",
"industry#English"
],
[
"Scheme",
"scheme#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, business) Initialism of Construction Industry Scheme."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Canadian Interuniversity Sport"
},
{
"word": "former name of U Sports"
}
],
"categories": [
"Canadian English",
"English initialisms",
"English terms with historical senses",
"en:Sports"
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, former name of U Sports."
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"Canadian",
"Canadian#English"
],
[
"Interuniversity",
"interuniversity#English"
],
[
"Sport",
"sport#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada, sports, historical) Initialism of Canadian Interuniversity Sport, former name of U Sports."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"historical",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "GOS"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "APH",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "ԱՊՀ"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "BDB",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "БДБ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "EIE"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "SND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "СНД"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "KSD"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "OND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "ОНД"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNS"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNG"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "GOS"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SRÜ"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "IVY"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "GUS"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "KAK",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ΚΑΚ"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "FÁK"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "CIS (CIS)"
},
{
"alt": "どくりつこっかきょうどうたい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dokuritsu-kokka-kyōdōtai",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "独立国家共同体"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "NVS"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SUS"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SUS"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "WNP"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CSI"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "SNG",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "СНГ"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "SNŠ"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "CEI"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "OSS"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "SND",
"sense": "Commonwealth of Independent States",
"word": "СНД"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English proper nouns",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:College sports",
"en:Gender"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Initialism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "CISes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es"
},
"expansion": "CIS (plural CISes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "contact image sensor"
}
],
"categories": [
"English initialisms",
"English links with redundant alt parameters",
"English links with redundant wikilinks",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1998, PC Mag, volume 17, number 18, page 179",
"text": "Because of its tabloid-size scanbed, the Plug-n-Scan has a large footprint that makes it very stable. On the other hand, being a CIS scanner, it's light and has a very low profile and is designed so that the scanner can be stood upright on its end and still function.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Initialism of contact image sensor."
],
"links": [
[
"contact image sensor",
"w:contact image sensor"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "clinical information system"
}
],
"categories": [
"English abbreviations",
"English acronyms",
"English initialisms",
"en:Medicine",
"en:Software"
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of clinical information system."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"software",
"software"
],
[
"acronym",
"acronym"
],
[
"initialism",
"initialism"
],
[
"clinical",
"clinical#English"
],
[
"information",
"information#English"
],
[
"system",
"system#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine, software, acronym, initialism) Abbreviation of clinical information system."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"acronym",
"alt-of",
"initialism"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences",
"software"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"en:College sports",
"en:Gender"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cis"
},
"expansion": "cis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "comfortable"
},
"expansion": "comfortable",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "in"
},
"expansion": "in",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "skin"
},
"expansion": "skin",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely originates from the false etymology asserting that cis is an initialism standing for comfortable in skin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "CIS (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "cisgender",
"word": "cis"
}
],
"categories": [
"English proscribed terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative letter-case form of cis (“cisgender”)."
],
"links": [
[
"cis",
"cis#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(proscribed) Alternative letter-case form of cis (“cisgender”)."
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"not-comparable",
"proscribed"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"CIS"
],
"word": "CIS"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (a644e18 and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.