"-음" meaning in All languages combined

See -음 on Wiktionary

Suffix [Korean]

Forms: 음 [canonical], -eum [romanization]
Etymology: Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean 음〮 (Yale: -úm), ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm). This suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to exist, and that this sudden post-fourteenth-century dominance of an apparently novel grammatical suffix is puzzling and difficult to explain. The older nominalizers were realis 隱 (*-n) and irrealis 尸 (*-l), both of which are now adnominal suffixes. In Middle Korean, 음〮 (Yale: -úm) proper only derived nouns from verbs, while verbal substantives ("-ing", "that...") were formed by bimorphemic 움〮 (Yale: -wú-m), the first element traditionally being analyzed as the "modulator" suffix 우〮 (Yale: -wú-). The "modulator" disappeared around the late sixteenth century, leaving 음 (-eum) to do double duty. Etymology templates: {{ko-etym-native|dot=,}} Of native Korean origin,, {{inh|ko|okm|-}} Middle Korean, {{m|okm|-음〮|tr=-}} 음〮, {{okm-l|-음〮|-úm}} 음〮 (Yale: -úm), {{m|okm|-ᄋᆞᆷ〮|tr=-}} ᄋᆞᆷ〮, {{okm-l|-ᄋᆞᆷ〮|-óm}} ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm), {{m|okm|隱|tr=*-n}} 隱 (*-n), {{m|okm|尸|tr=*-l}} 尸 (*-l), {{m|okm|-음〮|tr=-}} 음〮, {{okm-l|-음〮|-úm}} 음〮 (Yale: -úm), {{m|okm|-움〮|tr=-}} 움〮, {{okm-l|-움〮|-wú-m}} 움〮 (Yale: -wú-m), {{m|okm|-우〮-|tr=-}} 우〮, {{okm-l|-우〮-|-wú-}} 우〮 (Yale: -wú-), {{m-self|ko|-음}} 음 (-eum) Head templates: {{ko-pos|suffix}} 음 • (-eum)
  1. -ness; -tion; -ment (noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives) Tags: morpheme Synonyms: -기
    Sense id: en--음-ko-suffix-QEDVD9Vy Categories (other): Korean entries with incorrect language header, Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup, Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Korean terms with redundant script codes Disambiguation of Korean entries with incorrect language header: 42 16 42 Disambiguation of Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup: 38 20 43 Disambiguation of Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 36 23 41 Disambiguation of Korean terms with redundant script codes: 36 24 40
  2. (formal) the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives) Tags: formal, morpheme Synonyms: -기
    Sense id: en--음-ko-suffix-ZYXImeuG Categories (other): Korean entries with incorrect language header, Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup, Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Korean terms with redundant script codes Disambiguation of Korean entries with incorrect language header: 42 16 42 Disambiguation of Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup: 38 20 43 Disambiguation of Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 36 23 41 Disambiguation of Korean terms with redundant script codes: 36 24 40
  3. (formal or Internet, slang) A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations. Tags: morpheme, slang Categories (topical): Internet
    Sense id: en--음-ko-suffix-rrkonpSx Categories (other): Korean entries with incorrect language header, Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup, Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Korean terms with redundant script codes, Korean terms with redundant transliterations, Native Korean words Disambiguation of Korean entries with incorrect language header: 42 16 42 Disambiguation of Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup: 38 20 43 Disambiguation of Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 36 23 41 Disambiguation of Korean terms with redundant script codes: 36 24 40 Disambiguation of Korean terms with redundant transliterations: 34 22 44 Disambiguation of Native Korean words: 33 22 44
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: ㅁ (-m) (alt: after vowel-final and ㄹ (l)-final verbal stems)

Download JSON data for -음 meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "dot": ","
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      "expansion": "Of native Korean origin,",
      "name": "ko-etym-native"
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        "2": "okm",
        "3": "-"
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      "expansion": "Middle Korean",
      "name": "inh"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
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      "expansion": "음〮",
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    {
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      "expansion": "음〮 (Yale: -úm)",
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      "expansion": "ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm)",
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    {
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        "2": "隱",
        "tr": "*-n"
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      "expansion": "隱 (*-n)",
      "name": "m"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
        "2": "尸",
        "tr": "*-l"
      },
      "expansion": "尸 (*-l)",
      "name": "m"
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    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "-음〮",
        "tr": "-"
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      "expansion": "음〮",
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    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "-úm"
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      "expansion": "음〮 (Yale: -úm)",
      "name": "okm-l"
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    {
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        "tr": "-"
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    {
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        "2": "-wú-m"
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      "expansion": "움〮 (Yale: -wú-m)",
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      "args": {
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        "tr": "-"
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      "expansion": "우〮",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
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        "2": "-wú-"
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      "expansion": "우〮 (Yale: -wú-)",
      "name": "okm-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "-음"
      },
      "expansion": "음 (-eum)",
      "name": "m-self"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean 음〮 (Yale: -úm), ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm).\nThis suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to exist, and that this sudden post-fourteenth-century dominance of an apparently novel grammatical suffix is puzzling and difficult to explain.\nThe older nominalizers were realis 隱 (*-n) and irrealis 尸 (*-l), both of which are now adnominal suffixes.\nIn Middle Korean, 음〮 (Yale: -úm) proper only derived nouns from verbs, while verbal substantives (\"-ing\", \"that...\") were formed by bimorphemic 움〮 (Yale: -wú-m), the first element traditionally being analyzed as the \"modulator\" suffix 우〮 (Yale: -wú-). The \"modulator\" disappeared around the late sixteenth century, leaving 음 (-eum) to do double duty.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "음",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-eum",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
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      "expansion": "음 • (-eum)",
      "name": "ko-pos"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "42 16 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "38 20 43",
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          "name": "Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup",
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            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "36 23 41",
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            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "36 24 40",
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          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "나누 (nanu-, “to divide”) + 음 (-eum) → 나눔 (nanum, “division, charity”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "기쁘 (gippeu-, “happy”) + 음 (-eum) → 기쁨 (gippeum, “happiness”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-ness; -tion; -ment (noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
      "id": "en--음-ko-suffix-QEDVD9Vy",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ness",
          "-ness"
        ],
        [
          "-tion",
          "-tion"
        ],
        [
          "-ment",
          "-ment"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-기"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "42 16 42",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
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            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "_dis": "38 20 43",
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            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "36 23 41",
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          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Our meeting [each other] cannot be an accident.",
          "roman": "uri-ga mannam-eun uyeon-i anida.",
          "text": "우리가 만남은 우연이 아니다.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "This not being right is an evident fact.",
          "roman": "i-ga ol-chi aneum-eun myeongbaek-han sasir-imnida.",
          "text": "이가 옳지 않음은 명백한 사실입니다.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
      "id": "en--음-ko-suffix-ZYXImeuG",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "process",
          "process"
        ],
        [
          "-ing",
          "-ing"
        ],
        [
          "being",
          "being"
        ],
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "gerund",
          "gerund"
        ],
        [
          "noun",
          "noun"
        ],
        [
          "clause",
          "clause"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-기"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ko",
          "name": "Internet",
          "orig": "ko:Internet",
          "parents": [
            "Computing",
            "Networking",
            "Technology",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 16 42",
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          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
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            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
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        {
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup",
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            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "36 23 41",
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            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "36 24 40",
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            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "_dis": "34 22 44",
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          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 22 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Native Korean words",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "in a school report",
          "text": "생물학에 큰 관심을 가지고 있음.\nSaengmulhag-e keun gwansim-eul gajigo isseum.\n[Student] has great interest in biology.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in the preface of a book",
          "text": "2020년 12월 9일에 씀.\n2020-nyeon 12-wol 9-ir-e sseum.\nWritten on 9 December, 2020.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in an Internet conversation",
          "text": "님, 거기 가 봄?\nNim, geogi ga bom?\nHave you been there?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations."
      ],
      "id": "en--음-ko-suffix-rrkonpSx",
      "links": [
        [
          "Internet",
          "Internet"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "formal or Internet",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal or Internet, slang) A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "slang"
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    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "alt": "after vowel-final and ㄹ (l)-final verbal stems",
      "roman": "-m",
      "word": "ㅁ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-음"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
    "Korean entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "Korean inflectional suffixes",
    "Korean lemmas",
    "Korean suffixes",
    "Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
    "Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
    "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
    "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
    "Korean terms without ko-IPA template",
    "Native Korean words"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
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      "expansion": "Of native Korean origin,",
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    {
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      "expansion": "음〮",
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    {
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        "2": "-úm"
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      "args": {
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      "args": {
        "1": "okm",
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        "tr": "-"
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      "name": "m"
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        "1": "-우〮-",
        "2": "-wú-"
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      "name": "okm-l"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "-음"
      },
      "expansion": "음 (-eum)",
      "name": "m-self"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean 음〮 (Yale: -úm), ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm).\nThis suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to exist, and that this sudden post-fourteenth-century dominance of an apparently novel grammatical suffix is puzzling and difficult to explain.\nThe older nominalizers were realis 隱 (*-n) and irrealis 尸 (*-l), both of which are now adnominal suffixes.\nIn Middle Korean, 음〮 (Yale: -úm) proper only derived nouns from verbs, while verbal substantives (\"-ing\", \"that...\") were formed by bimorphemic 움〮 (Yale: -wú-m), the first element traditionally being analyzed as the \"modulator\" suffix 우〮 (Yale: -wú-). The \"modulator\" disappeared around the late sixteenth century, leaving 음 (-eum) to do double duty.",
  "forms": [
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      "tags": [
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    },
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      "form": "-eum",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
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  "lang_code": "ko",
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  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "나누 (nanu-, “to divide”) + 음 (-eum) → 나눔 (nanum, “division, charity”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "기쁘 (gippeu-, “happy”) + 음 (-eum) → 기쁨 (gippeum, “happiness”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-ness; -tion; -ment (noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
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          "-ness",
          "-ness"
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          "-tion",
          "-tion"
        ],
        [
          "-ment",
          "-ment"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-기"
        }
      ],
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        "morpheme"
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    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean formal terms",
        "Korean terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Our meeting [each other] cannot be an accident.",
          "roman": "uri-ga mannam-eun uyeon-i anida.",
          "text": "우리가 만남은 우연이 아니다.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "This not being right is an evident fact.",
          "roman": "i-ga ol-chi aneum-eun myeongbaek-han sasir-imnida.",
          "text": "이가 옳지 않음은 명백한 사실입니다.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "process",
          "process"
        ],
        [
          "-ing",
          "-ing"
        ],
        [
          "being",
          "being"
        ],
        [
          "be",
          "be"
        ],
        [
          "gerund",
          "gerund"
        ],
        [
          "noun",
          "noun"
        ],
        [
          "clause",
          "clause"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal) the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "-기"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Korean formal terms",
        "Korean slang",
        "Korean terms with usage examples",
        "ko:Internet"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "in a school report",
          "text": "생물학에 큰 관심을 가지고 있음.\nSaengmulhag-e keun gwansim-eul gajigo isseum.\n[Student] has great interest in biology.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in the preface of a book",
          "text": "2020년 12월 9일에 씀.\n2020-nyeon 12-wol 9-ir-e sseum.\nWritten on 9 December, 2020.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in an Internet conversation",
          "text": "님, 거기 가 봄?\nNim, geogi ga bom?\nHave you been there?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Internet",
          "Internet"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "formal or Internet",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal or Internet, slang) A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "alt": "after vowel-final and ㄹ (l)-final verbal stems",
      "roman": "-m",
      "word": "ㅁ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-음"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.