See -ę on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ę meaning in All languages combined (13.5kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-е",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -е",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -е"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-e",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ą"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ą",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ą"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ä"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a, -ä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a, -ä"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "*-ę",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ent"
},
"expansion": "*-ent",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ēns",
"3": "-ēn-"
},
"expansion": "-ēn-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-nt-"
},
"expansion": "*-nt-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-n-"
},
"expansion": "*-n-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-t-"
},
"expansion": "*-t-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-en-"
},
"expansion": "*-en-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn-"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-nt-"
},
"expansion": "*-nt-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ent"
},
"expansion": "*-ent",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Nominative singular ending *-ę reflects Early Proto-Slavic *-ēn, a regular reflex of a pre-form *-ent. Slavic nt-stems have no clear comparison in other Indo-European languages. It is usually compared to Latvian nouns in -ēn- which also often denote young animals with three possible theories of origin:\n* Slavic suffix *-nt- originated in Proto-Slavic, by agglutination of the inherited Balto-Slavic *-n- and a secondary suffix *-t- of obscure origin.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection exhibited ablaut, with Slavic generalizing normal grade *-en- and Baltic generalizing lengthened grade *-ēn-, with the origin of Slavic *-t- remaining unexplained.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection already contained *-nt- suffix, retained in Slavic but with Baltic generalizing the nominoaccusative stem in *-ēn < *-ent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nt-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nominative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "genitive",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "accusative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "instrumental",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ętьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęty",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "locative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ętьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vocative",
"source": "declension"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "nt"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ę",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives."
],
"id": "en--ę-sla-pro-suffix-HudMfGVO",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ã"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ę n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms neuter nouns, especially referring to young animals or, more rarely, young people"
],
"id": "en--ę-zlw-opl-suffix-patzOgGT",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/æ̃/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/æ̃/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęcia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ąt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ę n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "bocian + -ę → bocianię",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chłop + -ę → chłopię",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms neuter nouns, especially referring to young animals or, more rarely, young people"
],
"id": "en--ę-pl-suffix-patzOgGT",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ę",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"forms first person singular of verbs not in Class I or Class II"
],
"id": "en--ę-pl-suffix-eDaOr4eh",
"links": [
[
"Class I",
"Appendix:Polish language - verb conjugation - Class I#English"
],
[
"Class II",
"Appendix:Polish language - verb conjugation - Class II#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-am"
},
"expansion": "Latin -am",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ. Cognate with Latin -am.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ę",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 22 46 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms accusative singular of nouns ending in -a"
],
"id": "en--ę-pl-suffix-QQFDRZms",
"links": [
[
"-a",
"-a#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"forms accusative singular of short form feminine adjectives"
],
"id": "en--ę-pl-suffix-7k3Phag~",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) forms accusative singular of short form feminine adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ã"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ę n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Polish lemmas",
"Old Polish neuter suffixes",
"Old Polish suffixes",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"forms neuter nouns, especially referring to young animals or, more rarely, young people"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/æ̃/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/æ̃/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish neuter suffixes",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęcia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ąt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęciu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ę n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "bocian + -ę → bocianię",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chłop + -ę → chłopię",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms neuter nouns, especially referring to young animals or, more rarely, young people"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ę",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"forms first person singular of verbs not in Class I or Class II"
],
"links": [
[
"Class I",
"Appendix:Polish language - verb conjugation - Class I#English"
],
[
"Class II",
"Appendix:Polish language - verb conjugation - Class II#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-am"
},
"expansion": "Latin -am",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ǫ. Cognate with Latin -am.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ę",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ę"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"forms accusative singular of nouns ending in -a"
],
"links": [
[
"-a",
"-a#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"forms accusative singular of short form feminine adjectives"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) forms accusative singular of short form feminine adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ"
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ѧ (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rue",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Carpathian Rusyn: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-я"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -я (-ja)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -я (-ja)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ѧ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: -ѧ (-ę)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-е",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: -е",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: -е"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-e",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: -e"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "-e"
},
"expansion": "Czech: -e",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: -e"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pox",
"2": "-ą"
},
"expansion": "Polabian: -ą",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polabian: -ą"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-ę"
},
"expansion": "Polish: -ę",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: -ę"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "szl",
"2": "-ã"
},
"expansion": "Silesian: -ã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Silesian: -ã"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "-a",
"3": "-ä"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: -a, -ä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: -a, -ä"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ę"
},
"expansion": "*-ę",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ent"
},
"expansion": "*-ent",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "-ēns",
"3": "-ēn-"
},
"expansion": "-ēn-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-nt-"
},
"expansion": "*-nt-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-n-"
},
"expansion": "*-n-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-t-"
},
"expansion": "*-t-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-en-"
},
"expansion": "*-en-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn-"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-nt-"
},
"expansion": "*-nt-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ēn"
},
"expansion": "*-ēn",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ent"
},
"expansion": "*-ent",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Nominative singular ending *-ę reflects Early Proto-Slavic *-ēn, a regular reflex of a pre-form *-ent. Slavic nt-stems have no clear comparison in other Indo-European languages. It is usually compared to Latvian nouns in -ēn- which also often denote young animals with three possible theories of origin:\n* Slavic suffix *-nt- originated in Proto-Slavic, by agglutination of the inherited Balto-Slavic *-n- and a secondary suffix *-t- of obscure origin.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection exhibited ablaut, with Slavic generalizing normal grade *-en- and Baltic generalizing lengthened grade *-ēn-, with the origin of Slavic *-t- remaining unexplained.\n* Balto-Slavic inflection already contained *-nt- suffix, retained in Slavic but with Baltic generalizing the nominoaccusative stem in *-ēn < *-ent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nt-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nominative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "genitive",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ęte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ęti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ętьmъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "accusative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "instrumental",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ętьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ęty",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "locative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ętьxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vocative",
"source": "declension"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "nt"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ę",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic neuter suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic nt-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns for young animals and other diminutives."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ę"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.