𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 in All languages combined

Forms: restatu [romanization] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: Disputed. Ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. * Buck argues that the term likely derives from Proto-Italic *re-sistō, perhaps with a shift from third to first-conjugation. If this theory were true, the term would be directly cognate with Latin resistō. Poultney suggests that the participle forms may have derived from Proto-Italic *re-sistēns, perhaps with the loss of reduplication following the syncope of the vowel /i/. However, Poultney suggests that the imperative form of the word probably derives from an originally first-conjugation verb. * Alternatively, Buck proposes that the long /ā/ vowel may have been preserved from Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti, akin to Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi. The preservation of this vowel may also have occurred in Volscian sistiatiens. Poultney considers this idea unlikely, as there is the hypothetical equivalent Latin form *sistāre does not exist. * Poultney suggests that the term may derive from re- + an Umbrian equivalent of Latin stō, from Proto-Italic *staēō. According to Poultney, the shift from the intransitive meaning of Latin stō to the transitive meaning of the Umbrian term may be paralleled in Latin praestō, which also underwent a shift in transitivity when prefixed. * Poultney, Buck, and De Vaan list the imperative form restatu and the participle forms restef and reste alongside each other as belonging to the same verb. However, Nishimura suggests that the imperative form likely belonged to a transitive verb that was separate from the possibly intransitive verb that may be represented by the participle forms. If these terms are interpreted as belonging to distinct verbs, they may have different etymologies. ** Cowgill suggests that the term restatu may have originated as a denominative to a passive participle form *stat-. ** Untermann suggests that the term may derive from *re-sist-ā-. However, it is unclear how the prefixation would affect the meaning of the term. For instance, Latin resistō has a significantly different meaning from Latin sistō. ** Nishimura suggests that restatu may be more closely related to the third-conjugation verb Proto-Italic *statuō. The future imperative form *statuetōd may have evolved into the Umbrian future imperative ending *-statu via syncope, a development that occurred in other Umbrian future imperative forms. However, it is unclear how the sequence *-ue- would react to syncope in Umbrian. Furthermore, the prefixation of re- would move the sequence away from the second syllable, which—according to Nishimura—would normally be the optimal location for syncope. Nishimura overcomes these difficulties by suggesting that, regardless of any other Umbrian phonological rules, the term may have underwent remodeling in comparison with the other syncopated future imperatives. Another issue facing this hypothesis is that the syncopation of Proto-Italic *statuetōd should yield *-statu-tu- not *-statu. To remedy this problem, Nishimura proposes that the duplicate sequence *-tu-tu- was reduced via haplology, perhaps partially to avoid confusion between the future singular imperative form *statu-tu- and the future plural imperative form *statu-tu-to-. One final difficulty faced by this theory is that the /a/ may have undergone syncopation if the prefixation pushed it into the second syllable. Such a development may be compared to Latin restituō, from re- + statuō. However, Nishimura counters that the status of this syncopation in Umbrian is unclear and terms such as Umbrian amparitu may indicate that many Umbrian compound terms were remodeled after their simplex forms. Etymology templates: {{root|xum|ine-pro|*steh₂-}}, {{unc|xum|Disputed}} Disputed, {{der|xum|ine-pro|*steh₂-}} Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-, {{der|xum|itc-pro||*re-sistō}} Proto-Italic *re-sistō, {{cog|la|resistō}} Latin resistō, {{der|xum|itc-pro||*re-sistēns}} Proto-Italic *re-sistēns, {{der|xum|ine-pro|*stísteh₂ti}} Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti, {{cog|grk-pro|*hístāmi}} Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi, {{cog|xvo|sistiatiens}} Volscian sistiatiens, {{prefix|xum|𐌓𐌄-|alt1=re-}} re- +, {{cog|la|stō}} Latin stō, {{der|xum|itc-pro|*staēō}} Proto-Italic *staēō, {{cog|la|stō}} Latin stō, {{cog|la|praestō}} Latin praestō, {{cog|la|resistō}} Latin resistō, {{cog|la|sistō}} Latin sistō, {{cog|itc-pro|*statuō}} Proto-Italic *statuō, {{cog|itc-pro||*statuetōd}} Proto-Italic *statuetōd, {{cog|la|restituō}} Latin restituō, {{cog|xum|𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌖|amparitu}} Umbrian amparitu Head templates: {{head|xum|verb|third-person singular imperative}} 𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 • (restatu) (third-person singular imperative), {{tlb|xum|eig}} (early Iguvine)

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{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "Disputed"
      },
      "expansion": "Disputed",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*re-sistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *re-sistō",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "resistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin resistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*re-sistēns"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *re-sistēns",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*stísteh₂ti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grk-pro",
        "2": "*hístāmi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xvo",
        "2": "sistiatiens"
      },
      "expansion": "Volscian sistiatiens",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "𐌓𐌄-",
        "alt1": "re-"
      },
      "expansion": "re- +",
      "name": "prefix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "stō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin stō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*staēō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *staēō",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "stō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin stō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin praestō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "resistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin resistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "sistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin sistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "*statuō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *statuō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*statuetōd"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *statuetōd",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "restituō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin restituō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌖",
        "3": "amparitu"
      },
      "expansion": "Umbrian amparitu",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Disputed. Ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.\n* Buck argues that the term likely derives from Proto-Italic *re-sistō, perhaps with a shift from third to first-conjugation. If this theory were true, the term would be directly cognate with Latin resistō. Poultney suggests that the participle forms may have derived from Proto-Italic *re-sistēns, perhaps with the loss of reduplication following the syncope of the vowel /i/. However, Poultney suggests that the imperative form of the word probably derives from an originally first-conjugation verb.\n* Alternatively, Buck proposes that the long /ā/ vowel may have been preserved from Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti, akin to Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi. The preservation of this vowel may also have occurred in Volscian sistiatiens. Poultney considers this idea unlikely, as there is the hypothetical equivalent Latin form *sistāre does not exist.\n* Poultney suggests that the term may derive from re- + an Umbrian equivalent of Latin stō, from Proto-Italic *staēō. According to Poultney, the shift from the intransitive meaning of Latin stō to the transitive meaning of the Umbrian term may be paralleled in Latin praestō, which also underwent a shift in transitivity when prefixed.\n* Poultney, Buck, and De Vaan list the imperative form restatu and the participle forms restef and reste alongside each other as belonging to the same verb. However, Nishimura suggests that the imperative form likely belonged to a transitive verb that was separate from the possibly intransitive verb that may be represented by the participle forms. If these terms are interpreted as belonging to distinct verbs, they may have different etymologies.\n** Cowgill suggests that the term restatu may have originated as a denominative to a passive participle form *stat-.\n** Untermann suggests that the term may derive from *re-sist-ā-. However, it is unclear how the prefixation would affect the meaning of the term. For instance, Latin resistō has a significantly different meaning from Latin sistō.\n** Nishimura suggests that restatu may be more closely related to the third-conjugation verb Proto-Italic *statuō. The future imperative form *statuetōd may have evolved into the Umbrian future imperative ending *-statu via syncope, a development that occurred in other Umbrian future imperative forms. However, it is unclear how the sequence *-ue- would react to syncope in Umbrian. Furthermore, the prefixation of re- would move the sequence away from the second syllable, which—according to Nishimura—would normally be the optimal location for syncope. Nishimura overcomes these difficulties by suggesting that, regardless of any other Umbrian phonological rules, the term may have underwent remodeling in comparison with the other syncopated future imperatives. Another issue facing this hypothesis is that the syncopation of Proto-Italic *statuetōd should yield *-statu-tu- not *-statu. To remedy this problem, Nishimura proposes that the duplicate sequence *-tu-tu- was reduced via haplology, perhaps partially to avoid confusion between the future singular imperative form *statu-tu- and the future plural imperative form *statu-tu-to-. One final difficulty faced by this theory is that the /a/ may have undergone syncopation if the prefixation pushed it into the second syllable. Such a development may be compared to Latin restituō, from re- + statuō. However, Nishimura counters that the status of this syncopation in Umbrian is unclear and terms such as Umbrian amparitu may indicate that many Umbrian compound terms were remodeled after their simplex forms.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "restatu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "third-person singular imperative"
      },
      "expansion": "𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 • (restatu) (third-person singular imperative)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "eig"
      },
      "expansion": "(early Iguvine)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Umbrian",
  "lang_code": "xum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "sestu",
      "word": "𐌔𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Umbrian terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Early Iguvine Umbrian",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Umbrian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "to offer anew"
      ],
      "id": "en-𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖-xum-verb-M7rcybWw",
      "links": [
        [
          "offer",
          "offer"
        ],
        [
          "anew",
          "anew"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "(transitive) to offer anew"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Umbrian terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Early Iguvine Umbrian",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Umbrian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "to start again"
      ],
      "id": "en-𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖-xum-verb-Tfp4WgkL",
      "links": [
        [
          "start",
          "start"
        ],
        [
          "again",
          "again"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "(intransitive) to start again"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "intransitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Early Iguvine Umbrian",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Umbrian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Umbrian lemmas",
    "Umbrian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Umbrian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-",
    "Umbrian terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Umbrian verbs"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "Disputed"
      },
      "expansion": "Disputed",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*re-sistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *re-sistō",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "resistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin resistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*re-sistēns"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *re-sistēns",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*stísteh₂ti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grk-pro",
        "2": "*hístāmi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xvo",
        "2": "sistiatiens"
      },
      "expansion": "Volscian sistiatiens",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "𐌓𐌄-",
        "alt1": "re-"
      },
      "expansion": "re- +",
      "name": "prefix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "stō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin stō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "*staēō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *staēō",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "stō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin stō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "praestō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin praestō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "resistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin resistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "sistō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin sistō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "*statuō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *statuō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*statuetōd"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *statuetōd",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "restituō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin restituō",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌖",
        "3": "amparitu"
      },
      "expansion": "Umbrian amparitu",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Disputed. Ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.\n* Buck argues that the term likely derives from Proto-Italic *re-sistō, perhaps with a shift from third to first-conjugation. If this theory were true, the term would be directly cognate with Latin resistō. Poultney suggests that the participle forms may have derived from Proto-Italic *re-sistēns, perhaps with the loss of reduplication following the syncope of the vowel /i/. However, Poultney suggests that the imperative form of the word probably derives from an originally first-conjugation verb.\n* Alternatively, Buck proposes that the long /ā/ vowel may have been preserved from Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti, akin to Proto-Hellenic *hístāmi. The preservation of this vowel may also have occurred in Volscian sistiatiens. Poultney considers this idea unlikely, as there is the hypothetical equivalent Latin form *sistāre does not exist.\n* Poultney suggests that the term may derive from re- + an Umbrian equivalent of Latin stō, from Proto-Italic *staēō. According to Poultney, the shift from the intransitive meaning of Latin stō to the transitive meaning of the Umbrian term may be paralleled in Latin praestō, which also underwent a shift in transitivity when prefixed.\n* Poultney, Buck, and De Vaan list the imperative form restatu and the participle forms restef and reste alongside each other as belonging to the same verb. However, Nishimura suggests that the imperative form likely belonged to a transitive verb that was separate from the possibly intransitive verb that may be represented by the participle forms. If these terms are interpreted as belonging to distinct verbs, they may have different etymologies.\n** Cowgill suggests that the term restatu may have originated as a denominative to a passive participle form *stat-.\n** Untermann suggests that the term may derive from *re-sist-ā-. However, it is unclear how the prefixation would affect the meaning of the term. For instance, Latin resistō has a significantly different meaning from Latin sistō.\n** Nishimura suggests that restatu may be more closely related to the third-conjugation verb Proto-Italic *statuō. The future imperative form *statuetōd may have evolved into the Umbrian future imperative ending *-statu via syncope, a development that occurred in other Umbrian future imperative forms. However, it is unclear how the sequence *-ue- would react to syncope in Umbrian. Furthermore, the prefixation of re- would move the sequence away from the second syllable, which—according to Nishimura—would normally be the optimal location for syncope. Nishimura overcomes these difficulties by suggesting that, regardless of any other Umbrian phonological rules, the term may have underwent remodeling in comparison with the other syncopated future imperatives. Another issue facing this hypothesis is that the syncopation of Proto-Italic *statuetōd should yield *-statu-tu- not *-statu. To remedy this problem, Nishimura proposes that the duplicate sequence *-tu-tu- was reduced via haplology, perhaps partially to avoid confusion between the future singular imperative form *statu-tu- and the future plural imperative form *statu-tu-to-. One final difficulty faced by this theory is that the /a/ may have undergone syncopation if the prefixation pushed it into the second syllable. Such a development may be compared to Latin restituō, from re- + statuō. However, Nishimura counters that the status of this syncopation in Umbrian is unclear and terms such as Umbrian amparitu may indicate that many Umbrian compound terms were remodeled after their simplex forms.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "restatu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "third-person singular imperative"
      },
      "expansion": "𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 • (restatu) (third-person singular imperative)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xum",
        "2": "eig"
      },
      "expansion": "(early Iguvine)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Umbrian",
  "lang_code": "xum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "sestu",
      "word": "𐌔𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌖"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Umbrian terms with uncertain meaning",
        "Umbrian transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "to offer anew"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "offer",
          "offer"
        ],
        [
          "anew",
          "anew"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "(transitive) to offer anew"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Umbrian intransitive verbs",
        "Umbrian terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "to start again"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "start",
          "start"
        ],
        [
          "again",
          "again"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "(intransitive) to start again"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "intransitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖"
}

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"𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖" meaning in All languages combined

Verb [Umbrian]