See 返る on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "帰る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "go home",
"roman": "kaeru",
"word": "還る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "hatch out",
"roman": "kaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"孵",
"かえ"
]
],
"word": "孵る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "topple",
"roman": "kutsugaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"覆",
"くつがえ"
]
],
"word": "覆る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "turn around",
"roman": "hirugaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"翻",
"ひるがえ"
]
],
"word": "翻る"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "funzorikaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"踏",
"ふ"
],
[
"反",
"ぞ"
],
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"word": "踏ん反り返る"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨kape₁ru⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨kape₁ru⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kaperu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kaperu",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "⟨kape₁ru⟩ → */kapʷeru/ → /kaferu/ → /kawʲeru/ → /kaeru/\nFrom Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kaperu.\nAppears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, “return”, transitive).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "返る",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"roman": "kaeri",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "返った",
"roman": "kaetta",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "返ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かえられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "返らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kaereru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "返ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かえろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "返らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かえります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "返った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かえった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaetta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "返って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かえって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaette",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "返ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返れど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kafereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "返りき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "返りけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "返りつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返りぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返れり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返りたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kafereri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返らむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かえる",
"hhira": "かへる",
"tr": "intrans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "返(かえ)る • (kaeru) ^(←かへる (kaferu)?)intransitive godan (stem 返(かえ)り (kaeri), past 返(かえ)った (kaetta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かへ",
"2": "4-r"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "return, turn back",
"roman": "modoru",
"ruby": [
[
"戻",
"もど"
]
],
"word": "戻る"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to return, go back"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-yCNcYYb4",
"links": [
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"go back",
"go back"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 17 14 11 17 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to reverse, turn over",
"to move in the opposite direction"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-i-Be120f",
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse"
],
[
"turn over",
"turn over"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 17 14 11 17 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to reverse, turn over",
"to interchange front and back"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-4YDQhqs5",
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse"
],
[
"turn over",
"turn over"
],
[
"interchange",
"interchange"
],
[
"front",
"front"
],
[
"back",
"back"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 18 17 14 11 17 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to change color, fade"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-Bzv3Kc91",
"links": [
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"color",
"color"
],
[
"fade",
"fade"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 18 17 14 11 17 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to renew"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-1L4o24qA",
"links": [
[
"year",
"year"
],
[
"renew",
"renew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a year) to renew"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a year"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 11 11 5 3 41 10 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 17 14 11 17 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 11 11 9 6 32 12 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 11 7 6 5 39 11 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 10 7 6 5 38 12 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 2 3 53 11 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 2 2 53 12 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to start over"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-Qvexko~h",
"links": [
[
"start over",
"start over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) to start over"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:",
"to [verb] completely"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-39s8HOPx",
"links": [
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"completely",
"completely"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 9 9 18 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 14 11 10 18 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
65,
70
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
19
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 2890:",
"roman": "nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran",
"ruby": [
[
"夜干",
"ぬば"
],
[
"玉",
"たま"
],
[
"之",
"の"
],
[
"夜乎",
"よを"
],
[
"長",
"ながみ"
],
[
"鴨",
"かも"
],
[
"吾",
"わが"
],
[
"背子之",
"せこが"
],
[
"夢",
"いめ"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"夢",
"いめ"
],
[
"西",
"にし"
],
[
"所見",
"みえ"
],
[
"還",
"かへる"
],
[
"良武",
"らむ"
]
],
"text": "夜干玉之夜乎長鴨吾背子之夢尓夢西所見還良武",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:",
"to [verb] over and over or repeatedly"
],
"id": "en-返る-ja-verb-1XFRg3eE",
"links": [
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"over and over",
"over and over"
],
[
"repeatedly",
"repeatedly"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かえる"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "返る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese godan verbs",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -eru",
"Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "帰る"
},
{
"english": "go home",
"roman": "kaeru",
"word": "還る"
},
{
"english": "hatch out",
"roman": "kaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"孵",
"かえ"
]
],
"word": "孵る"
},
{
"english": "topple",
"roman": "kutsugaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"覆",
"くつがえ"
]
],
"word": "覆る"
},
{
"english": "turn around",
"roman": "hirugaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"翻",
"ひるがえ"
]
],
"word": "翻る"
},
{
"roman": "funzorikaeru",
"ruby": [
[
"踏",
"ふ"
],
[
"反",
"ぞ"
],
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"word": "踏ん反り返る"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨kape₁ru⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨kape₁ru⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*kaperu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kaperu",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "⟨kape₁ru⟩ → */kapʷeru/ → /kaferu/ → /kawʲeru/ → /kaeru/\nFrom Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kaperu.\nAppears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, “return”, transitive).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "返る",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"roman": "kaeri",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "返った",
"roman": "kaetta",
"ruby": [
[
"返",
"かえ"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-ru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "返ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "返られる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かえられる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "返らせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeraseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返れる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kaereru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "返ろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かえろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "返らない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaeranai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かえらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返ります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かえります",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kaerimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "返った",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かえった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaetta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "返って",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かえって",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaette",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かえれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "返ら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "返り",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "返る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "返れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kafere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "返れど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferedo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "返れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kafereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "返らば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferaba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "返りき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferiki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "返りけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferikeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "返りつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferitu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返りぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返れり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返りたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへれり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "かへりたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kafereri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferitari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "返らむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かへらむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaferamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かえる",
"hhira": "かへる",
"tr": "intrans",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "返(かえ)る • (kaeru) ^(←かへる (kaferu)?)intransitive godan (stem 返(かえ)り (kaeri), past 返(かえ)った (kaetta))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かへ",
"2": "4-r"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "return, turn back",
"roman": "modoru",
"ruby": [
[
"戻",
"もど"
]
],
"word": "戻る"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to return, go back"
],
"links": [
[
"return",
"return"
],
[
"go back",
"go back"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to reverse, turn over",
"to move in the opposite direction"
],
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse"
],
[
"turn over",
"turn over"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"opposite",
"opposite"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to reverse, turn over",
"to interchange front and back"
],
"links": [
[
"reverse",
"reverse"
],
[
"turn over",
"turn over"
],
[
"interchange",
"interchange"
],
[
"front",
"front"
],
[
"back",
"back"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to change color, fade"
],
"links": [
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"color",
"color"
],
[
"fade",
"fade"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to renew"
],
"links": [
[
"year",
"year"
],
[
"renew",
"renew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a year) to renew"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a year"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to start over"
],
"links": [
[
"start over",
"start over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) to start over"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:",
"to [verb] completely"
],
"links": [
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"completely",
"completely"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples",
"Requests for translations of Japanese usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
65,
70
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
19
]
],
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 2890:",
"roman": "nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran",
"ruby": [
[
"夜干",
"ぬば"
],
[
"玉",
"たま"
],
[
"之",
"の"
],
[
"夜乎",
"よを"
],
[
"長",
"ながみ"
],
[
"鴨",
"かも"
],
[
"吾",
"わが"
],
[
"背子之",
"せこが"
],
[
"夢",
"いめ"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"夢",
"いめ"
],
[
"西",
"にし"
],
[
"所見",
"みえ"
],
[
"還",
"かへる"
],
[
"良武",
"らむ"
]
],
"text": "夜干玉之夜乎長鴨吾背子之夢尓夢西所見還良武",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:",
"to [verb] over and over or repeatedly"
],
"links": [
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"over and over",
"over and over"
],
[
"repeatedly",
"repeatedly"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かえる"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "返る"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 返る meaning in All languages combined (12.2kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"返る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "返る",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-20 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.