See 田舎 on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "居",
"3": "中",
"pos1": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">未然形</i> (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">居る</i> (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”",
"t2": "inside, middle",
"tr1": "i",
"tr2": "naka"
},
"expansion": "居 (i, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 居る (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”) + 中 (naka, “inside, middle”)",
"name": "com"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "zh",
"3": "田舍"
},
"expansion": "Chinese 田舍 (tiánshè)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "/winaka/ → /inaka/\nPossibly a compound of 居 (i, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 居る (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”) + 中 (naka, “inside, middle”).\nThe spelling is from Chinese 田舍 (tiánshè).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田舎",
"いなか"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "inaka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "winaka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ゐなか",
"roman": "winaka",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いなか",
"hhira": "ゐなか"
},
"expansion": "田舎(いなか) • (inaka) ^(←ゐなか (winaka)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Life is more secure in the country than in the city.",
"roman": "Seikatsu wa toshi yori inaka no hō ga antai da.",
"ruby": [
[
"生活",
"せいかつ"
],
[
"都市",
"とし"
],
[
"田舎",
"いなか"
],
[
"安泰",
"あんたい"
]
],
"text": "生活は都市より田舎のほうが安泰だ。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the country (rural area), countryside"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-X3SxjY7Z",
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"rural",
"rural#English"
],
[
"area",
"area#English"
],
[
"countryside",
"countryside"
]
],
"qualifier": "sensitive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(sensitive) the country (rural area), countryside"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a remote area with a small population"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-PNt5l2~X",
"links": [
[
"remote",
"remote"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"population",
"population"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 5 11 2 27 26 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 14 1 26 25 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 15 2 27 24 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 16 1 26 25 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a hometown"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-VqNbaJCB",
"links": [
[
"hometown",
"hometown"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"something crude or unrefined"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-PAgie5Pg",
"links": [
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
]
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inaka otaru): unrefined sake",
"word": "田舎御樽"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 7 1 30 29 29 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 11 2 27 26 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 14 1 26 25 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 8 3 27 26 28 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 15 2 27 24 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 16 1 26 25 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 8 5 25 25 27 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with rendaku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 2 1 31 30 30 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 1 32 31 31 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎御樽 (inaka otaru): unrefined sake"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-57sSv-dK",
"links": [
[
"田舎御樽",
"田舎御樽#Japanese"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"sake",
"sake#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic women's speech",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic women's speech, colloquial) Short for 田舎御樽 (inaka otaru): unrefined sake"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake",
"word": "田舎酒"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 7 1 30 29 29 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 11 2 27 26 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 14 1 26 25 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 8 3 27 26 28 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 15 2 27 24 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 16 1 26 25 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 8 5 25 25 27 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with rendaku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 2 1 31 30 30 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 1 32 31 31 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎酒 (inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-JhxPNnB7",
"links": [
[
"田舎酒",
"田舎酒#Japanese"
],
[
"sake",
"sake"
],
[
"made",
"make"
],
[
"local",
"local"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) Short for 田舎酒 (inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste",
"word": "田舎汁粉"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 7 1 30 29 29 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 11 2 27 26 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 14 1 26 25 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 14 5 15 19 25 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 8 3 27 26 28 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 5 15 2 27 24 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 16 1 26 25 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 8 5 25 25 27 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with rendaku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 2 1 31 30 30 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 1 32 31 31 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎汁粉 (inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-6ImuO9VA",
"links": [
[
"田舎汁粉",
"田舎汁粉#Japanese"
],
[
"red bean",
"red bean"
],
[
"soup",
"soup"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
],
[
"paste",
"paste"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) Short for 田舎汁粉 (inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いなか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ina̠ka̠]"
}
],
"word": "田舎"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"sort": "てんしや'"
},
"expansion": "rendaku (連濁)",
"name": "rendaku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Also read with rendaku (連濁), as denja.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田",
"でん"
],
[
"舎",
"しゃ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田舎",
"でんじゃ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "densha",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "denja",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "でんしゃ",
"2": "でんじゃ"
},
"expansion": "田(でん)舎(しゃ) or 田舎(でんじゃ) • (densha or denja)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"the country (rural area), countryside; a house in the countryside"
],
"id": "en-田舎-ja-noun-MT0kko5a",
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"rural",
"rural#English"
],
[
"area",
"area#English"
],
[
"countryside",
"countryside"
],
[
"house",
"house"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) the country (rural area), countryside; a house in the countryside"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "でんしゃ"
},
{
"ipa": "[dẽ̞ɰ̃ɕa̠]"
}
],
"word": "田舎"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese compound terms",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms derived from Chinese",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with ゐ",
"Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rendaku",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "居",
"3": "中",
"pos1": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">未然形</i> (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">居る</i> (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”",
"t2": "inside, middle",
"tr1": "i",
"tr2": "naka"
},
"expansion": "居 (i, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 居る (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”) + 中 (naka, “inside, middle”)",
"name": "com"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "zh",
"3": "田舍"
},
"expansion": "Chinese 田舍 (tiánshè)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "/winaka/ → /inaka/\nPossibly a compound of 居 (i, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 居る (iru), “to be, exist (of animate objects)”) + 中 (naka, “inside, middle”).\nThe spelling is from Chinese 田舍 (tiánshè).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田舎",
"いなか"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "inaka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "winaka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ゐなか",
"roman": "winaka",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いなか",
"hhira": "ゐなか"
},
"expansion": "田舎(いなか) • (inaka) ^(←ゐなか (winaka)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Life is more secure in the country than in the city.",
"roman": "Seikatsu wa toshi yori inaka no hō ga antai da.",
"ruby": [
[
"生活",
"せいかつ"
],
[
"都市",
"とし"
],
[
"田舎",
"いなか"
],
[
"安泰",
"あんたい"
]
],
"text": "生活は都市より田舎のほうが安泰だ。",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the country (rural area), countryside"
],
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"rural",
"rural#English"
],
[
"area",
"area#English"
],
[
"countryside",
"countryside"
]
],
"qualifier": "sensitive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(sensitive) the country (rural area), countryside"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a remote area with a small population"
],
"links": [
[
"remote",
"remote"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"population",
"population"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a hometown"
],
"links": [
[
"hometown",
"hometown"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"something crude or unrefined"
],
"links": [
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
]
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inaka otaru): unrefined sake",
"word": "田舎御樽"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese colloquialisms",
"Japanese short forms",
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese women's speech terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎御樽 (inaka otaru): unrefined sake"
],
"links": [
[
"田舎御樽",
"田舎御樽#Japanese"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"sake",
"sake#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic women's speech",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic women's speech, colloquial) Short for 田舎御樽 (inaka otaru): unrefined sake"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake",
"word": "田舎酒"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese colloquialisms",
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎酒 (inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake"
],
"links": [
[
"田舎酒",
"田舎酒#Japanese"
],
[
"sake",
"sake"
],
[
"made",
"make"
],
[
"local",
"local"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) Short for 田舎酒 (inakazake): sake made in the countryside; local sake"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste",
"word": "田舎汁粉"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese colloquialisms",
"Japanese short forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Short for 田舎汁粉 (inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste"
],
"links": [
[
"田舎汁粉",
"田舎汁粉#Japanese"
],
[
"red bean",
"red bean"
],
[
"soup",
"soup"
],
[
"crush",
"crush"
],
[
"paste",
"paste"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) Short for 田舎汁粉 (inaka-jiruko): a red bean soup made with slightly crushed red bean paste"
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いなか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ina̠ka̠]"
}
],
"word": "田舎"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rendaku",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"sort": "てんしや'"
},
"expansion": "rendaku (連濁)",
"name": "rendaku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Also read with rendaku (連濁), as denja.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田",
"でん"
],
[
"舎",
"しゃ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "田舎",
"ruby": [
[
"田舎",
"でんじゃ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "densha",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "denja",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "でんしゃ",
"2": "でんじゃ"
},
"expansion": "田(でん)舎(しゃ) or 田舎(でんじゃ) • (densha or denja)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"the country (rural area), countryside; a house in the countryside"
],
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"rural",
"rural#English"
],
[
"area",
"area#English"
],
[
"countryside",
"countryside"
],
[
"house",
"house"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) the country (rural area), countryside; a house in the countryside"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "でんしゃ"
},
{
"ipa": "[dẽ̞ɰ̃ɕa̠]"
}
],
"word": "田舎"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 田舎 meaning in All languages combined (6.7kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"田舎"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "田舎",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"田舎"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "田舎",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"田舎"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "田舎",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"田舎"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "田舎",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (4ba5975 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.