See 拒む on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "こばむ"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
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"name": "CE"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.\nAccording to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”). However, the term habamu is not attested until 830, while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "拒む",
"ruby": [
[
"拒",
"こば"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "拒み",
"roman": "kobami",
"ruby": [
[
"拒",
"こば"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んだ",
"roman": "kobanda",
"ruby": [
[
"拒",
"こば"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kobameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "拒もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こばもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こばみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kobanda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
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},
{
"form": "kobameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
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}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こばむ",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "受け取る"
},
{
"word": "受け入れる"
},
{
"word": "認める"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "73 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse (to do) something, to reject something"
],
"id": "en-拒む-ja-verb-9IXtly5d",
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
"reject"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "断る"
},
{
"word": "否む"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to block or obstruct"
],
"id": "en-拒む-ja-verb-YNvReH3M",
"links": [
[
"block",
"block"
],
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "妨げる"
},
{
"word": "防ぐ"
},
{
"word": "阻む"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こばむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ba̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten",
"Nihon Shoki"
],
"word": "拒む"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese type 1 verbs",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 1 entry"
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"etymology_templates": [
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"3": "-",
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "CE",
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},
{
"args": {},
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"name": "CE"
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],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.\nAccording to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”). However, the term habamu is not attested until 830, while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "拒む",
"ruby": [
[
"拒",
"こば"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamu",
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},
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[
"拒",
"こば"
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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},
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},
{
"form": "拒ま",
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{
"form": "こばま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばみ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobami",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kobameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "拒もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こばもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こばみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kobanda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kobameba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "受け取る"
},
{
"word": "受け入れる"
},
{
"word": "認める"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse (to do) something, to reject something"
],
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
"reject"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "断る"
},
{
"word": "否む"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to block or obstruct"
],
"links": [
[
"block",
"block"
],
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "妨げる"
},
{
"word": "防ぐ"
},
{
"word": "阻む"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こばむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ba̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten",
"Nihon Shoki"
],
"word": "拒む"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 拒む meaning in All languages combined (6.0kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.