See 拒む on Wiktionary
{
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"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.\nAccording to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”). However, the term habamu is not attested until 830, while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "拒む",
"ruby": [
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"拒",
"こば"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "kobamu",
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"ruby": [
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"拒",
"こば"
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],
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},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
"form": "ja-go-mu",
"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
"form": "拒ま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "こばま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "kobama",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "拒み",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "こばみ",
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},
{
"form": "kobami",
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},
{
"form": "拒む",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "こばむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "kobamu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "拒め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kobame",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "拒まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "こばまれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ませる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒ます",
"source": "conjugation",
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"causative"
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},
{
"form": "こばませる",
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"causative"
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},
{
"form": "こばます",
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"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
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"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kobameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "拒もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こばもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまない",
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},
{
"form": "kobamanai",
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"form": "拒まず",
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"form": "kobamazu",
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{
"form": "拒みます",
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]
},
{
"form": "こばみます",
"source": "conjugation",
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"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
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"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
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"form": "kobanda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobande",
"source": "conjugation",
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"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒めば",
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},
{
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"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
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"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
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"word": "受け取る"
},
{
"word": "受け入れる"
},
{
"word": "認める"
}
],
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
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{
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"kind": "other",
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{
"_dis": "71 29",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "55 45",
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{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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],
"glosses": [
"to refuse (to do) something, to reject something"
],
"id": "en-拒む-ja-verb-9IXtly5d",
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
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"synonyms": [
{
"word": "断る"
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{
"word": "否む"
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},
{
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"glosses": [
"to block or obstruct"
],
"id": "en-拒む-ja-verb-YNvReH3M",
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"block",
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[
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"word": "妨げる"
},
{
"word": "防ぐ"
},
{
"word": "阻む"
}
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}
],
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{
"other": "こばむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ba̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
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"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten",
"Nihon Shoki"
],
"word": "拒む"
}
{
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"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
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"forms": [
{
"form": "拒む",
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"拒",
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],
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
"form": "拒め",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
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},
{
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"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "拒まれる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
{
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"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
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},
{
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"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
"form": "拒ます",
"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
"form": "こばませる",
"source": "conjugation",
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},
{
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"source": "conjugation",
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"causative"
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},
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"form": "kobamaseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
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},
{
"form": "kobamasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒める",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kobameru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "拒もう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こばもう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamō",
"source": "conjugation",
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"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "拒まない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こばまない",
"source": "conjugation",
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"negative"
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},
{
"form": "kobamanai",
"source": "conjugation",
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]
},
{
"form": "拒まず",
"source": "conjugation",
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]
},
{
"form": "こばまず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "拒みます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こばみます",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kobamimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kobanda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "拒んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こばんで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kobande",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "拒めば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "こばめば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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},
"expansion": "拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "受け取る"
},
{
"word": "受け入れる"
},
{
"word": "認める"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to refuse (to do) something, to reject something"
],
"links": [
[
"refuse",
"refuse"
],
[
"reject",
"reject"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "断る"
},
{
"word": "否む"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to block or obstruct"
],
"links": [
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"block",
"block"
],
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "妨げる"
},
{
"word": "防ぐ"
},
{
"word": "阻む"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こばむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ba̠mɯ̟]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten",
"Nihon Shoki"
],
"word": "拒む"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 拒む meaning in All languages combined (6.0kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
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"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"拒む"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "拒む",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (58c391d and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.