See 官僚制 on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "官僚制",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Government",
"orig": "zh:Government",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Organizations",
"orig": "zh:Organizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"id": "en-官僚制-zh-noun--Lc9mjz7",
"links": [
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "guānzhì",
"word": "官制"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "guānliáozhì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ zai³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "koaⁿ-liâu-chè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guānliáozhì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanliáojhìh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "kuan¹-liao²-chih⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "gwān-lyáu-jr̀"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanliaujyh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "гуаньляочжи"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanʹljaočži"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gūn lìuh jai"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ dzai³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ zei³"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "koaⁿ-liâu-chè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kuann-liâu-tsè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kvoaliauzex"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã³³ liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau¹³⁻²² t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡se¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²³⁻³³ t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã³³ liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau¹³⁻²² t͡se²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡se¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²³⁻³³ t͡se²¹/"
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "官僚",
"3": "制",
"t1": "bureaucrat",
"t2": "system",
"tr1": "kanryō",
"tr2": "-sei"
},
"expansion": "官僚 (kanryō, “bureaucrat”) + 制 (-sei, “system”)",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From 官僚 (kanryō, “bureaucrat”) + 制 (-sei, “system”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "官僚制",
"ruby": [
[
"官",
"かん"
],
[
"僚",
"りょう"
],
[
"制",
"せい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kanryōsei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwanreusei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "くわんれうせい",
"roman": "kwanreusei",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かんりょうせい",
"hhira": "くわんれうせい"
},
"expansion": "官(かん)僚(りょう)制(せい) • (kanryōsei) ^(←くわんれうせい (kwanreusei)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms suffixed with 制",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"id": "en-官僚制-ja-noun--Lc9mjz7",
"links": [
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:官僚制"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かんりょーせー"
},
{
"ipa": "[kã̠n̺ɾʲo̞ːse̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "gwallyoje",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwallyoje",
"tags": [
"McCune-Reischauer",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwanlyocey",
"tags": [
"Yale",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "관료제",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "관료제",
"mr": "kwallyoje",
"y": "kwanlyocey"
},
"expansion": "官僚制 • (gwallyoje or McCune-Reischauer: kwallyoje or Yale: kwanlyocey) (hangeul 관료제)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "bureaucracy",
"word": "관료제"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 관료제 (“bureaucracy”)"
],
"id": "en-官僚制-ko-noun-v1UrUL7k",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"관료제",
"관료제#Korean"
],
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "官僚制",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "guānzhì",
"word": "官制"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Cantonese nouns",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 僚",
"Chinese terms spelled with 制",
"Chinese terms spelled with 官",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Hokkien nouns",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Government",
"zh:Organizations"
],
"glosses": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"links": [
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "guānliáozhì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ zai³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "koaⁿ-liâu-chè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guānliáozhì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanliáojhìh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "kuan¹-liao²-chih⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "gwān-lyáu-jr̀"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanliaujyh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "гуаньляочжи"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "guanʹljaočži"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "gūn lìuh jai"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ dzai³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "gun¹ liu⁴ zei³"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "koaⁿ-liâu-chè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "kuann-liâu-tsè"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "kvoaliauzex"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã³³ liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau¹³⁻²² t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡se¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²³⁻³³ t͡se²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã³³ liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau¹³⁻²² t͡se²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡se¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²³⁻³³ t͡se²¹/"
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "官僚",
"3": "制",
"t1": "bureaucrat",
"t2": "system",
"tr1": "kanryō",
"tr2": "-sei"
},
"expansion": "官僚 (kanryō, “bureaucrat”) + 制 (-sei, “system”)",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From 官僚 (kanryō, “bureaucrat”) + 制 (-sei, “system”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "官僚制",
"ruby": [
[
"官",
"かん"
],
[
"僚",
"りょう"
],
[
"制",
"せい"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kanryōsei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwanreusei",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "くわんれうせい",
"roman": "kwanreusei",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かんりょうせい",
"hhira": "くわんれうせい"
},
"expansion": "官(かん)僚(りょう)制(せい) • (kanryōsei) ^(←くわんれうせい (kwanreusei)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with わ",
"Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms suffixed with 制",
"Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"links": [
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:官僚制"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かんりょーせー"
},
{
"ipa": "[kã̠n̺ɾʲo̞ːse̞ː]"
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "gwallyoje",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwallyoje",
"tags": [
"McCune-Reischauer",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kwanlyocey",
"tags": [
"Yale",
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "관료제",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "관료제",
"mr": "kwallyoje",
"y": "kwanlyocey"
},
"expansion": "官僚制 • (gwallyoje or McCune-Reischauer: kwallyoje or Yale: kwanlyocey) (hangeul 관료제)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean hanja forms",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "bureaucracy",
"word": "관료제"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 관료제 (“bureaucracy”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"관료제",
"관료제#Korean"
],
[
"bureaucracy",
"bureaucracy"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "官僚制"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 官僚制 meaning in All languages combined (6.0kB)
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"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"官僚制"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "官僚制",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
"path": [
"官僚制"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "官僚制",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"官僚制"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "官僚制",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"官僚制"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "官僚制",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (a681f8a and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.