See 壟斷 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jiàgé lǒngduàn",
"word": "價格壟斷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jiàgé lǒngduàn",
"word": "价格垄断"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "壟斷市場"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "垄断市场"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "壟斷獨登"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "垄断独登"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "壟斷資本"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "垄断资本"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guǎtóu lǒngduàn",
"word": "寡頭壟斷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guǎtóu lǒngduàn",
"word": "寡头垄断"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the book Mencius",
"forms": [
{
"form": "垄断",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "龍斷"
},
{
"form": "隴斷"
},
{
"form": "*垅断"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 37 56 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 36 54 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 37 53 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 36 50 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 26 37 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 46 43 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 39 54 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to trade in a market located on higher ground"
],
"id": "en-壟斷-zh-verb-pdrVaQIL",
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
],
[
"market",
"market"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) to trade in a market located on higher ground"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to monopolize; to corner (the market)"
],
"id": "en-壟斷-zh-verb-l0bUTVnZ",
"links": [
[
"monopolize",
"monopolize"
],
[
"corner",
"corner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) to monopolize; to corner (the market)"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyun⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "lung³-tuan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǔng-dwàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "loongduann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лундуань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lunduanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lúhng dyuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyn⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dün⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuǎn"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngd'ng"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "lon^去 doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "/ lióng-tn̄g /"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mencius (book)"
],
"word": "壟斷"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "壟斷"
},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "壟断",
"2": "ろうだん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "壟斷",
"2": "ろうだん",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "壟斷",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "壟斷",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "壟断",
"v": "壟斷",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ろうだん",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"j": "壟断"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the book Mencius",
"forms": [
{
"form": "垄断",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "龍斷"
},
{
"form": "隴斷"
},
{
"form": "*垅断"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "68 0 32 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Education",
"orig": "zh:Education",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"higher ground"
],
"id": "en-壟斷-zh-noun-ZNC4yVhN",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) higher ground"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 46 43 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"monopoly; monopolization"
],
"id": "en-壟斷-zh-noun-Y8RkFK6w",
"links": [
[
"monopoly",
"monopoly"
],
[
"monopolization",
"monopolization"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) monopoly; monopolization"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyun⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "lung³-tuan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǔng-dwàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "loongduann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лундуань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lunduanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lúhng dyuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyn⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dün⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuǎn"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngd'ng"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "lon^去 doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "/ lióng-tn̄g /"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mencius (book)"
],
"word": "壟斷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 壟",
"Chinese terms spelled with 斷",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with redundant script codes",
"Chinese verbs",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Education"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "jiàgé lǒngduàn",
"word": "價格壟斷"
},
{
"roman": "jiàgé lǒngduàn",
"word": "价格垄断"
},
{
"word": "壟斷市場"
},
{
"word": "垄断市场"
},
{
"word": "壟斷獨登"
},
{
"word": "垄断独登"
},
{
"word": "壟斷資本"
},
{
"word": "垄断资本"
},
{
"roman": "guǎtóu lǒngduàn",
"word": "寡頭壟斷"
},
{
"roman": "guǎtóu lǒngduàn",
"word": "寡头垄断"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the book Mencius",
"forms": [
{
"form": "垄断",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "龍斷"
},
{
"form": "隴斷"
},
{
"form": "*垅断"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"to trade in a market located on higher ground"
],
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
],
[
"market",
"market"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) to trade in a market located on higher ground"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to monopolize; to corner (the market)"
],
"links": [
[
"monopolize",
"monopolize"
],
[
"corner",
"corner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) to monopolize; to corner (the market)"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyun⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "lung³-tuan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǔng-dwàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "loongduann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лундуань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lunduanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lúhng dyuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyn⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dün⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuǎn"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngd'ng"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "lon^去 doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "/ lióng-tn̄g /"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mencius (book)"
],
"word": "壟斷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 壟",
"Chinese terms spelled with 斷",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with redundant script codes",
"Chinese verbs",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Education"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "壟斷"
},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "壟断",
"2": "ろうだん",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "壟斷",
"2": "ろうだん",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "壟斷",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "壟斷",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "壟断",
"v": "壟斷",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ろうだん",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"j": "壟断"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (壟斷):\n* → Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)"
}
],
"etymology_examples": [
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the book Mencius",
"forms": [
{
"form": "垄断",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "龍斷"
},
{
"form": "隴斷"
},
{
"form": "*垅断"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "壟斷",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"higher ground"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) higher ground"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"monopoly; monopolization"
],
"links": [
[
"monopoly",
"monopoly"
],
[
"monopolization",
"monopolization"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) monopoly; monopolization"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyun⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lǒngduàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "lung³-tuan⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lǔng-dwàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "loongduann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "лундуань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "lunduanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "lúhng dyuhn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dyn⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "lung⁵ dün⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuǎn"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tn̄g"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngd'ng"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lióng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "liofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-toān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "lóng-tuān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "lofngdoan"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "lon^去 doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³lon-doe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "/ lióng-tn̄g /"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mencius (book)"
],
"word": "壟斷"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 壟斷 meaning in All languages combined (13.1kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Sinological IPA (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wugniu'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'MiniDict'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu)'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"壟斷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "壟斷",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.