"內卷" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "卷"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "juǎnwáng",
      "word": "卷王"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "involution"
      },
      "expansion": "Calque of English involution",
      "name": "calque"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "evolution"
      },
      "expansion": "evolution",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that does not increase productivity.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "內卷",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Economics",
          "orig": "zh:Economics",
          "parents": [
            "Social sciences",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Social sciences",
          "orig": "zh:Social sciences",
          "parents": [
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
      ],
      "id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-RE8BNlV2",
      "links": [
        [
          "economics",
          "economics"
        ],
        [
          "social science",
          "social science"
        ],
        [
          "developing",
          "developing"
        ],
        [
          "progressing",
          "progressing"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a society or nation"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "economics",
        "human-sciences",
        "science",
        "sciences",
        "social-science",
        "social-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese neologisms",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
      ],
      "id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-cu8jsjaY",
      "links": [
        [
          "state",
          "state"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ],
        [
          "limited",
          "limited"
        ],
        [
          "resource",
          "resource"
        ],
        [
          "effort",
          "effort"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism",
        "slang"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese neologisms",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 23 52",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
      ],
      "id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-QM4XD3x2",
      "links": [
        [
          "study",
          "study"
        ],
        [
          "work",
          "work"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ],
        [
          "peer",
          "peer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyun²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijyuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nei⁴-chüan³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèi-jywǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "neyjeuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "нэйцзюань"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nɛjczjuanʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noih gyún"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyn²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gün²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Clifford Geertz"
  ],
  "word": "內卷"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms calqued from English",
    "Chinese terms derived from English",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "卷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "juǎnwáng",
      "word": "卷王"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "involution"
      },
      "expansion": "Calque of English involution",
      "name": "calque"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "evolution"
      },
      "expansion": "evolution",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that does not increase productivity.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "內卷",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "zh:Economics",
        "zh:Social sciences"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "economics",
          "economics"
        ],
        [
          "social science",
          "social science"
        ],
        [
          "developing",
          "developing"
        ],
        [
          "progressing",
          "progressing"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a society or nation"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "economics",
        "human-sciences",
        "science",
        "sciences",
        "social-science",
        "social-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese neologisms",
        "Chinese slang"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "state",
          "state"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ],
        [
          "limited",
          "limited"
        ],
        [
          "resource",
          "resource"
        ],
        [
          "effort",
          "effort"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism",
        "slang"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese neologisms",
        "Chinese slang"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "study",
          "study"
        ],
        [
          "work",
          "work"
        ],
        [
          "competition",
          "competition"
        ],
        [
          "peer",
          "peer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neologism",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyun²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèijyuǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nei⁴-chüan³"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nèi-jywǎn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "neyjeuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "нэйцзюань"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "nɛjczjuanʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noih gyún"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyn²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "noi⁶ gün²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Clifford Geertz"
  ],
  "word": "內卷"
}