See 內卷 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "卷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "juǎnwáng",
"word": "卷王"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "en",
"3": "involution"
},
"expansion": "Calque of English involution",
"name": "calque"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that did not increase productivity.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "内卷",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "內捲",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "內卷",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Economics",
"orig": "zh:Economics",
"parents": [
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Social sciences",
"orig": "zh:Social sciences",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 42 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 42 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
],
"id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-RE8BNlV2",
"links": [
[
"economics",
"economics"
],
[
"social science",
"social science"
],
[
"developing",
"developing"
],
[
"progressing",
"progressing"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a society or nation"
],
"topics": [
"economics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"social-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese neologisms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 42 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 42 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 48 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
],
"id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-cu8jsjaY",
"links": [
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"limited",
"limited"
],
[
"resource",
"resource"
],
[
"effort",
"effort"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
],
"tags": [
"neologism",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese neologisms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 42 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 42 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": "2024, 鄧曦澤, “中國高校過度擴招與社會內卷化”, in Lianhe Zaobao:",
"roman": "Dàn xiànshí shì, dàxuéshēng yuè lái yuè duō, hǎo gǎngwèi yòu fēicháng yǒuxiàn, dàxuéshēng bùdébù jiàngdī yùqī, fàngxià shēnduàn, bèipò nèijuǎn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "但現實是，大學生越來越多，好崗位又非常有限，大學生不得不降低預期，放下身段，被迫內卷。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": "2024, 鄧曦澤, “中國高校過度擴招與社會內卷化”, in Lianhe Zaobao:",
"roman": "Dàn xiànshí shì, dàxuéshēng yuè lái yuè duō, hǎo gǎngwèi yòu fēicháng yǒuxiàn, dàxuéshēng bùdébù jiàngdī yùqī, fàngxià shēnduàn, bèipò nèijuǎn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "但现实是，大学生越来越多，好岗位又非常有限，大学生不得不降低预期，放下身段，被迫内卷。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
],
"id": "en-內卷-zh-verb-QM4XD3x2",
"links": [
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"peer",
"peer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
],
"tags": [
"neologism",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyun²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijyuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "nei⁴-chüan³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nèi-jywǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "neyjeuan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "нэйцзюань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "nɛjczjuanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "noih gyún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyn²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gün²"
},
{
"ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Clifford Geertz"
],
"word": "內卷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms calqued from English",
"Chinese terms derived from English",
"Chinese terms spelled with 內",
"Chinese terms spelled with 卷",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "卷"
},
{
"roman": "juǎnwáng",
"word": "卷王"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "en",
"3": "involution"
},
"expansion": "Calque of English involution",
"name": "calque"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that did not increase productivity.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "内卷",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "內捲",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "內卷",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Economics",
"zh:Social sciences"
],
"glosses": [
"to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
],
"links": [
[
"economics",
"economics"
],
[
"social science",
"social science"
],
[
"developing",
"developing"
],
[
"progressing",
"progressing"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a society or nation"
],
"topics": [
"economics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"social-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese neologisms",
"Chinese slang"
],
"glosses": [
"to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
],
"links": [
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"limited",
"limited"
],
[
"resource",
"resource"
],
[
"effort",
"effort"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead"
],
"tags": [
"neologism",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese neologisms",
"Chinese slang",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples",
"Requests for translations of Mandarin usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": "2024, 鄧曦澤, “中國高校過度擴招與社會內卷化”, in Lianhe Zaobao:",
"roman": "Dàn xiànshí shì, dàxuéshēng yuè lái yuè duō, hǎo gǎngwèi yòu fēicháng yǒuxiàn, dàxuéshēng bùdébù jiàngdī yùqī, fàngxià shēnduàn, bèipò nèijuǎn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "但現實是，大學生越來越多，好崗位又非常有限，大學生不得不降低預期，放下身段，被迫內卷。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": "2024, 鄧曦澤, “中國高校過度擴招與社會內卷化”, in Lianhe Zaobao:",
"roman": "Dàn xiànshí shì, dàxuéshēng yuè lái yuè duō, hǎo gǎngwèi yòu fēicháng yǒuxiàn, dàxuéshēng bùdébù jiàngdī yùqī, fàngxià shēnduàn, bèipò nèijuǎn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "但现实是，大学生越来越多，好岗位又非常有限，大学生不得不降低预期，放下身段，被迫内卷。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
],
"links": [
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
],
[
"peer",
"peer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers"
],
"tags": [
"neologism",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyun²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "nèijyuǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "nei⁴-chüan³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "nèi-jywǎn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "neyjeuan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "нэйцзюань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "nɛjczjuanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "noih gyún"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gyn²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "noi⁶ gün²"
},
{
"ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Clifford Geertz"
],
"word": "內卷"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 內卷 meaning in All languages combined (4.9kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"內卷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "內卷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"內卷"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "內卷",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.