See けむ on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for けむ meaning in All languages combined (11.1kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "煙",
"3": "",
"4": "smoke",
"tr": "kemuri"
},
"expansion": "煙 (kemuri, “smoke”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "/kemuri/ → /kemu/\nClipping of 煙 (kemuri, “smoke”).\nAttested since at least 1275.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kemu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "けむ • (kemu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"煙, 烟: (informal, colloquial) smoke"
],
"id": "en-けむ-ja-noun-osiEBz9D",
"links": [
[
"煙",
"煙#Japanese"
],
[
"烟",
"烟#Japanese"
],
[
"smoke",
"smoke"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ke̞mɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "けむ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨ke₁mu⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨ke₁mu⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "けむ"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese けむ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "未然形",
"3": "",
"4": "irrealis or imperfective form",
"tr": "mizenkei"
},
"expansion": "未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "き",
"linkto": "き#past-ki"
},
"expansion": "き (ki)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "せ"
},
"expansion": "せ (se)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "け",
"3": "む",
"pos1": "a hypothetical <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">未然形</i> (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ki</span>), usually found instead as せ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">se</span>)",
"pos2": "suppositional auxiliary suffix",
"tr1": "ke",
"tr2": "mu"
},
"expansion": "け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "き",
"linkto": "き#past-ki"
},
"expansion": "き (ki)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けむ"
},
"expansion": "けむ (kemu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けまく"
},
"expansion": "けまく (kemaku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けく"
},
"expansion": "けく (keku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連用形",
"3": "",
"4": "continuative or stem form",
"tr": "ren'yōkei"
},
"expansion": "連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "来る",
"3": "",
"4": "to come",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "来る (kuru, “to come”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連用形",
"3": "",
"4": "continuative or stem form",
"tr": "ren'yōkei"
},
"expansion": "連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "経る",
"3": "",
"4": "to pass through",
"tr": "heru"
},
"expansion": "経る (heru, “to pass through”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "来",
"3": "経",
"4": "む",
"pos1": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来る</i> (kuru, “to come”)",
"pos2": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">経る</i> (heru, “to pass through”)",
"pos3": "suppositional auxiliary suffix",
"t1": "coming",
"t2": "passing through, as of a process or time or place",
"tr1": "ki",
"tr2": "he",
"tr3": "mu"
},
"expansion": "来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "経",
"pos": "continuative stem, terminal form was pu",
"tr": "pe"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨ke₁mu⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨ke₁mu⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "む"
},
"expansion": "む (mu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "き#past-ki",
"3": "あむ",
"alt1": "き",
"pos1": "past-recollective auxiliary suffix",
"pos2": "hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">mu</span>)",
"tr1": "ki",
"tr2": "amu"
},
"expansion": "き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu))",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "⟨ke₁mu⟩ → */kʲemu/ → /kemu/\nFrom Old Japanese けむ. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759 and earlier.\nVarious theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation of this auxiliary verb suffix.\n* Compound of け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).\n: The ke conjugation for past-recollective き (ki) is only hypothetically considered to be the irrealis form. This ke is not found outside of a small handful of suffixes such as this けむ (kemu), its derivative けまく (kemaku), and separate けく (keku), and it remains largely unexplained. That said, the initial /s-/ ↔ /k-/ alternation exhibited in the better-documented conjugated forms is also largely unexplained.\n* Compound of 来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).\n:: */ki pe mu/ → */kifemu/? → */kiemu/ → /kemu/\n: Due to the presence of initial /p-/ in the medial Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu), the phonological shifts required for this derivation ultimately make this theory seem quite unlikely: linguists generally reconstruct initial /p-/ for Old Japanese and hold that this did not undergo lenition until the late Nara period (710–794) or early Heian period (794–1185), while ⟨ke₁mu⟩ → /kʲemu/ is already attested in the Kojiki of 712.\n* Compound of き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu)).\n:: */ki amu/ → */kiamu/ → /kʲemu/ → /kemu/\n: This hypothetical reconstructed amu form for the suppositional suffix is favored by linguists such as Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-kemu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "けま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kema",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "けん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kemu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "けむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kemu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "keme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "けむ • (-kemu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "け",
"2": "4-m",
"f_adn+": "けん",
"f_adv": "-",
"f_imp": "-",
"f_irr": "けま?The irrealis form of けま (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">kema</span>) is only found in Old Japanese as part of the suffix けまく (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">kemaku</span>).",
"f_ter+": "けん",
"hkc": "1"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about a past event"
],
"id": "en-けむ-ja-suffix-n3PatMCh",
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 26 45 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 22 52 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 22 52 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 22 52 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about the cause of a past event"
],
"id": "en-けむ-ja-suffix-jgpwdH3X",
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about the cause of a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents hearsay about a past event"
],
"id": "en-けむ-ja-suffix-B-RJ4BGi",
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents hearsay about a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"~tarō"
],
"word": "～たろう"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"alt": "~ta darō",
"word": "～ただろう"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "datta darō",
"word": "だっただろう"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "-ken",
"word": "けん"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alexander Vovin",
"Daijisen",
"Heian period",
"Kojiki",
"Man'yōshū",
"Nara period",
"Shogakukan",
"Tōkyō",
"ja:大辞泉",
"ja:松村明"
],
"word": "けむ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "煙",
"3": "",
"4": "smoke",
"tr": "kemuri"
},
"expansion": "煙 (kemuri, “smoke”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "/kemuri/ → /kemu/\nClipping of 煙 (kemuri, “smoke”).\nAttested since at least 1275.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kemu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "けむ • (kemu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese colloquialisms",
"Japanese informal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"煙, 烟: (informal, colloquial) smoke"
],
"links": [
[
"煙",
"煙#Japanese"
],
[
"烟",
"烟#Japanese"
],
[
"smoke",
"smoke"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けむ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ke̞mɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "けむ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨ke₁mu⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨ke₁mu⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "けむ"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese けむ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "未然形",
"3": "",
"4": "irrealis or imperfective form",
"tr": "mizenkei"
},
"expansion": "未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "き",
"linkto": "き#past-ki"
},
"expansion": "き (ki)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "せ"
},
"expansion": "せ (se)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "け",
"3": "む",
"pos1": "a hypothetical <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">未然形</i> (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">ki</span>), usually found instead as せ (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">se</span>)",
"pos2": "suppositional auxiliary suffix",
"tr1": "ke",
"tr2": "mu"
},
"expansion": "け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "き",
"linkto": "き#past-ki"
},
"expansion": "き (ki)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けむ"
},
"expansion": "けむ (kemu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けまく"
},
"expansion": "けまく (kemaku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "けく"
},
"expansion": "けく (keku)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連用形",
"3": "",
"4": "continuative or stem form",
"tr": "ren'yōkei"
},
"expansion": "連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "来る",
"3": "",
"4": "to come",
"tr": "kuru"
},
"expansion": "来る (kuru, “to come”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連用形",
"3": "",
"4": "continuative or stem form",
"tr": "ren'yōkei"
},
"expansion": "連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "経る",
"3": "",
"4": "to pass through",
"tr": "heru"
},
"expansion": "経る (heru, “to pass through”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "来",
"3": "経",
"4": "む",
"pos1": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">来る</i> (kuru, “to come”)",
"pos2": "the <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">連用形</i> (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">経る</i> (heru, “to pass through”)",
"pos3": "suppositional auxiliary suffix",
"t1": "coming",
"t2": "passing through, as of a process or time or place",
"tr1": "ki",
"tr2": "he",
"tr3": "mu"
},
"expansion": "来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix)",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "経",
"pos": "continuative stem, terminal form was pu",
"tr": "pe"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "⟨ke₁mu⟩"
},
"expansion": "⟨ke₁mu⟩",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "む"
},
"expansion": "む (mu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "き#past-ki",
"3": "あむ",
"alt1": "き",
"pos1": "past-recollective auxiliary suffix",
"pos2": "hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">mu</span>)",
"tr1": "ki",
"tr2": "amu"
},
"expansion": "き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu))",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "⟨ke₁mu⟩ → */kʲemu/ → /kemu/\nFrom Old Japanese けむ. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759 and earlier.\nVarious theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation of this auxiliary verb suffix.\n* Compound of け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).\n: The ke conjugation for past-recollective き (ki) is only hypothetically considered to be the irrealis form. This ke is not found outside of a small handful of suffixes such as this けむ (kemu), its derivative けまく (kemaku), and separate けく (keku), and it remains largely unexplained. That said, the initial /s-/ ↔ /k-/ alternation exhibited in the better-documented conjugated forms is also largely unexplained.\n* Compound of 来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).\n:: */ki pe mu/ → */kifemu/? → */kiemu/ → /kemu/\n: Due to the presence of initial /p-/ in the medial Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu), the phonological shifts required for this derivation ultimately make this theory seem quite unlikely: linguists generally reconstruct initial /p-/ for Old Japanese and hold that this did not undergo lenition until the late Nara period (710–794) or early Heian period (794–1185), while ⟨ke₁mu⟩ → /kʲemu/ is already attested in the Kojiki of 712.\n* Compound of き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu)).\n:: */ki amu/ → */kiamu/ → /kʲemu/ → /kemu/\n: This hypothetical reconstructed amu form for the suppositional suffix is favored by linguists such as Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-kemu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "けま",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kema",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "けん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kemu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "けむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kemu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ken",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "けめ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "keme",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "けむ • (-kemu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "け",
"2": "4-m",
"f_adn+": "けん",
"f_adv": "-",
"f_imp": "-",
"f_irr": "けま?The irrealis form of けま (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">kema</span>) is only found in Old Japanese as part of the suffix けまく (<span class=\"mention-tr tr\">kemaku</span>).",
"f_ter+": "けん",
"hkc": "1"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese"
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about a past event"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese"
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about the cause of a past event"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents a supposition about the cause of a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese"
],
"glosses": [
"used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents hearsay about a past event"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs",
"presents hearsay about a past event"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"~tarō"
],
"word": "～たろう"
},
{
"alt": "~ta darō",
"word": "～ただろう"
},
{
"roman": "datta darō",
"word": "だっただろう"
},
{
"roman": "-ken",
"word": "けん"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alexander Vovin",
"Daijisen",
"Heian period",
"Kojiki",
"Man'yōshū",
"Nara period",
"Shogakukan",
"Tōkyō",
"ja:大辞泉",
"ja:松村明"
],
"word": "けむ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.