"ခု" meaning in All languages combined

See ခု on Wiktionary

Classifier [Burmese]

IPA: /kʰṵ/ Forms: hku. [romanization]
Etymology templates: {{cog|och|-}} Old Chinese, {{och-l|䇢|bamboo}} 䇢 (“bamboo”), {{och-l|箇|unit, generic classifier}} 箇 (OC *kaːls, “unit, generic classifier”) Head templates: {{head|my|classifier}} ခု • (hku.)
  1. generic classifier used to count nouns; unit Derived forms: တစ်ခုလပ် (tachku.lap), တစ်စုံတစ်ခု (taccumtachku.), အဝတ်တစ်ထည်ကိုယ်တစ်ခု (a.wattachtanykuiytachku.)
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-classifier-8CQvVbRU Categories (other): Burmese entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Burmese classifiers Disambiguation of Burmese entries with incorrect language header: 65 6 2 2 7 15 3 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 60 6 4 3 7 15 5 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 68 4 3 2 4 17 3
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Noun [Burmese]

IPA: /kʰṵ/ Forms: hku. [romanization]
Head templates: {{my-noun}} ခု • (hku.)
  1. the first term in a tenfold sequence starting with ခု (hku.), ဆယ် (hcai), the first number Derived forms: ခုနှစ် (hku.hnac) (english: the year in a date which ends with a digit other than zero)
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-noun-bASAGD8i
  2. year
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-noun-TLTqJVg8
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Noun [Burmese]

IPA: /kʰṵ/ Forms: hku. [romanization]
Head templates: {{my-noun}} ခု • (hku.)
  1. recently, now, the present (same as ယခု (ya.hku.)) Derived forms: ခုတင်ခု (hku.tanghku.), ခုတလော (hku.ta.lau:), ခုထက်ထိ (hku.htakhti.), ခုန (hku.na.), ခုနှစ် (hku.hnac) (english: this year), ခုနေ (hku.ne), ခုလုပ်ခုစား (hku.luphku.ca:), ခုလေးတင် (english: hku.le:tang), ယခု (ya.hku.)
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-noun-hNqSWd6h
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 4

Verb [Burmese]

IPA: /kʰṵ/ Forms: hku. [romanization]
Etymology templates: {{cog|och|-}} Old Chinese, {{och-l|靠|to lean on, recline; to depend on}} 靠 (OC *kʰuːɡs, “to lean on, recline; to depend on”) Head templates: {{my-verb}} ခု • (hku.)
  1. to be supported by something (coming) from below, prop up
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-verb-uWUQc2PI
  2. to be dissatisfied with (someone), be offended
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-verb-~hyQChQi
  3. to be filling (until it's not enough to change the rice)
    Sense id: en-ခု-my-verb-EXRgM6G1
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: ခုခံ (hku.hkam), ခုတုံးလုပ် (hku.tum:lup), ခုနှိမ် (hku.hnim), ခုလတ် (hku.lat), ခုလုခုလုဖြစ် (hku.lu.hku.lu.hprac), ခေါင်းခု (hkaung:hku.), စိတ်ခု (cithku.), ပေါင်ပိုးခု (paungpui:hku.), လက်ခု (lakhku.), လမ်းခုလတ် (lam:hku.lat)
Etymology number: 1

Verb [Mon]

Forms: khu [romanization]
Head templates: {{head|mnw|verb|head=|tr=khu}} ခု (khu), {{mnw-verb|tr=khu}} ခု (khu)
  1. to prop by a short prop or fulcrum.
    Sense id: en-ခု-mnw-verb-GaX0N7XQ Categories (other): Mon entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hku.hkam",
      "word": "ခုခံ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hku.tum:lup",
      "word": "ခုတုံးလုပ်"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hku.hnim",
      "word": "ခုနှိမ်"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hku.lat",
      "word": "ခုလတ်"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hku.lu.hku.lu.hprac",
      "word": "ခုလုခုလုဖြစ်"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "hkaung:hku.",
      "word": "ခေါင်းခု"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "cithku.",
      "word": "စိတ်ခု"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "paungpui:hku.",
      "word": "ပေါင်ပိုးခု"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "lakhku.",
      "word": "လက်ခု"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "lam:hku.lat",
      "word": "လမ်းခုလတ်"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "靠",
        "2": "to lean on, recline; to depend on"
      },
      "expansion": "靠 (OC *kʰuːɡs, “to lean on, recline; to depend on”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be supported by something (coming) from below, prop up"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-verb-uWUQc2PI",
      "links": [
        [
          "supported",
          "supported"
        ],
        [
          "below",
          "below"
        ],
        [
          "prop up",
          "prop up"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be dissatisfied with (someone), be offended"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-verb-~hyQChQi",
      "links": [
        [
          "dissatisfied",
          "dissatisfied"
        ],
        [
          "offended",
          "offended"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be filling (until it's not enough to change the rice)"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-verb-EXRgM6G1",
      "links": [
        [
          "filling",
          "filling"
        ],
        [
          "rice",
          "rice"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "䇢",
        "2": "bamboo"
      },
      "expansion": "䇢 (“bamboo”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "箇",
        "2": "unit, generic classifier"
      },
      "expansion": "箇 (OC *kaːls, “unit, generic classifier”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "classifier"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "classifier",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "65 6 2 2 7 15 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Burmese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "60 6 4 3 7 15 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 4 3 2 4 17 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Burmese classifiers",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "tachku.lap",
          "word": "တစ်ခုလပ်"
        },
        {
          "roman": "taccumtachku.",
          "word": "တစ်စုံတစ်ခု"
        },
        {
          "roman": "a.wattachtanykuiytachku.",
          "word": "အဝတ်တစ်ထည်ကိုယ်တစ်ခု"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "one pair of glasses",
          "roman": "myakhman tachku.",
          "text": "မျက်မှန် တစ်ခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "two proverbs",
          "roman": "ca.ka:pum hnachku.",
          "text": "စကားပုံ နှစ်ခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "three chairs",
          "roman": "ku.la:htuing sum:hku.",
          "text": "ကုလားထိုင် သုံးခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "four tickets",
          "roman": "lakhmat le:hku.",
          "text": "လက်မှတ် လေးခု",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "generic classifier used to count nouns; unit"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-classifier-8CQvVbRU",
      "links": [
        [
          "unit",
          "unit"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "derived": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "english": "the year in a date which ends with a digit other than zero",
          "roman": "hku.hnac",
          "word": "ခုနှစ်"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the first term in a tenfold sequence starting with ခု (hku.), ဆယ် (hcai), the first number"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-noun-bASAGD8i",
      "links": [
        [
          "ခု",
          "ခု#Burmese"
        ],
        [
          "ဆယ်",
          "ဆယ်#Burmese"
        ],
        [
          "number",
          "number"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "year"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-noun-TLTqJVg8",
      "links": [
        [
          "year",
          "year"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "hku.tanghku.",
          "word": "ခုတင်ခု"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hku.ta.lau:",
          "word": "ခုတလော"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hku.htakhti.",
          "word": "ခုထက်ထိ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hku.na.",
          "word": "ခုန"
        },
        {
          "english": "this year",
          "roman": "hku.hnac",
          "word": "ခုနှစ်"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hku.ne",
          "word": "ခုနေ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "hku.luphku.ca:",
          "word": "ခုလုပ်ခုစား"
        },
        {
          "english": "hku.le:tang",
          "word": "ခုလေးတင်"
        },
        {
          "roman": "ya.hku.",
          "word": "ယခု"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "recently, now, the present (same as ယခု (ya.hku.))"
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-my-noun-hNqSWd6h",
      "links": [
        [
          "recently",
          "recently"
        ],
        [
          "now",
          "now"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ],
        [
          "ယခု",
          "ယခု#Burmese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnw",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "khu"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု (khu)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "tr": "khu"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု (khu)",
      "name": "mnw-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Mon",
  "lang_code": "mnw",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mon entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to prop by a short prop or fulcrum."
      ],
      "id": "en-ခု-mnw-verb-GaX0N7XQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "prop",
          "prop"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Burmese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Burmese lemmas",
    "Burmese nouns",
    "Burmese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Burmese verbs",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "hku.hkam",
      "word": "ခုခံ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.tum:lup",
      "word": "ခုတုံးလုပ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.hnim",
      "word": "ခုနှိမ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.lat",
      "word": "ခုလတ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.lu.hku.lu.hprac",
      "word": "ခုလုခုလုဖြစ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hkaung:hku.",
      "word": "ခေါင်းခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cithku.",
      "word": "စိတ်ခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "paungpui:hku.",
      "word": "ပေါင်ပိုးခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "lakhku.",
      "word": "လက်ခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "lam:hku.lat",
      "word": "လမ်းခုလတ်"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "靠",
        "2": "to lean on, recline; to depend on"
      },
      "expansion": "靠 (OC *kʰuːɡs, “to lean on, recline; to depend on”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be supported by something (coming) from below, prop up"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "supported",
          "supported"
        ],
        [
          "below",
          "below"
        ],
        [
          "prop up",
          "prop up"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be dissatisfied with (someone), be offended"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dissatisfied",
          "dissatisfied"
        ],
        [
          "offended",
          "offended"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to be filling (until it's not enough to change the rice)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "filling",
          "filling"
        ],
        [
          "rice",
          "rice"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Burmese classifiers",
    "Burmese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Burmese lemmas",
    "Burmese nouns",
    "Burmese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "tachku.lap",
      "word": "တစ်ခုလပ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "taccumtachku.",
      "word": "တစ်စုံတစ်ခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "a.wattachtanykuiytachku.",
      "word": "အဝတ်တစ်ထည်ကိုယ်တစ်ခု"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "䇢",
        "2": "bamboo"
      },
      "expansion": "䇢 (“bamboo”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "箇",
        "2": "unit, generic classifier"
      },
      "expansion": "箇 (OC *kaːls, “unit, generic classifier”)",
      "name": "och-l"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "my",
        "2": "classifier"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "classifier",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Burmese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "one pair of glasses",
          "roman": "myakhman tachku.",
          "text": "မျက်မှန် တစ်ခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "two proverbs",
          "roman": "ca.ka:pum hnachku.",
          "text": "စကားပုံ နှစ်ခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "three chairs",
          "roman": "ku.la:htuing sum:hku.",
          "text": "ကုလားထိုင် သုံးခု",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "four tickets",
          "roman": "lakhmat le:hku.",
          "text": "လက်မှတ် လေးခု",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "generic classifier used to count nouns; unit"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "unit",
          "unit"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Burmese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Burmese lemmas",
    "Burmese nouns",
    "Burmese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "the year in a date which ends with a digit other than zero",
      "roman": "hku.hnac",
      "word": "ခုနှစ်"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "the first term in a tenfold sequence starting with ခု (hku.), ဆယ် (hcai), the first number"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ခု",
          "ခု#Burmese"
        ],
        [
          "ဆယ်",
          "ဆယ်#Burmese"
        ],
        [
          "number",
          "number"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "year"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "year",
          "year"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Burmese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Burmese lemmas",
    "Burmese nouns",
    "Burmese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "hku.tanghku.",
      "word": "ခုတင်ခု"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.ta.lau:",
      "word": "ခုတလော"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.htakhti.",
      "word": "ခုထက်ထိ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.na.",
      "word": "ခုန"
    },
    {
      "english": "this year",
      "roman": "hku.hnac",
      "word": "ခုနှစ်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.ne",
      "word": "ခုနေ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "hku.luphku.ca:",
      "word": "ခုလုပ်ခုစား"
    },
    {
      "english": "hku.le:tang",
      "word": "ခုလေးတင်"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ya.hku.",
      "word": "ယခု"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hku.",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ခု • (hku.)",
      "name": "my-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Burmese",
  "lang_code": "my",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "recently, now, the present (same as ယခု (ya.hku.))"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "recently",
          "recently"
        ],
        [
          "now",
          "now"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present"
        ],
        [
          "ယခု",
          "ယခု#Burmese"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰṵ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khu",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mnw",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "khu"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု (khu)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "tr": "khu"
      },
      "expansion": "ခု (khu)",
      "name": "mnw-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Mon",
  "lang_code": "mnw",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Mon entries with incorrect language header",
        "Mon lemmas",
        "Mon verbs",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to prop by a short prop or fulcrum."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "prop",
          "prop"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ခု"
}

Download raw JSONL data for ခု meaning in All languages combined (6.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.