"קריכן" meaning in All languages combined

See קריכן on Wiktionary

Verb [Yiddish]

IPA: /ˈkʁɪχn̩/
Etymology: From Middle High German kriechen, from Old High German kriochan, from Proto-West Germanic *kreukan, from Proto-Germanic *kreukaną. Etymology templates: {{inh|yi|gmh|kriechen}} Middle High German kriechen, {{inh|yi|goh|kriochan}} Old High German kriochan, {{inh|yi|gmw-pro|*kreukan}} Proto-West Germanic *kreukan, {{inh|yi|gem-pro|*kreukaną}} Proto-Germanic *kreukaną Head templates: {{yi-verb|געקראָכן}} קריכן • (krikhn) (past participle געקראָכן (gekrokhn)) Inflection templates: {{yi-conj|aux=z|past=געקראָכן}} Forms: krikhn [romanization], געקראָכן [participle, past], no-table-tags [table-tags], קריכן [infinitive], קריכנדיק [participle, present], געקראָכן [participle, past], זײַן [auxiliary], איך קריך [present], מיר קריכן [present], דו קריכסט [present], איר קריכט [present], ער קריכט [present], זיי קריכן [present], קריך (דו) [imperative], krikh (du) [imperative], קריכט (איר) [imperative], krikht (ir) [imperative], no-table-tags [table-tags], איך בין געקראָכן [past], מיר זענען געקראָכן [past], דו ביסט געקראָכן [past], איר זענט געקראָכן [past], ער איז געקראָכן [past], זיי זענען געקראָכן [past], איך בין געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], מיר זענען געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], דו ביסט געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], איר זענט געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], ער איז געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], זיי זענען געווען געקראָכן [pluperfect], איך וועל קריכן [future], מיר וועלן קריכן [future], דו וועסט קריכן [future], איר וועט קריכן [future], ער וועט קריכן [future], זיי וועלן קריכן [future], איך וועל זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], מיר וועלן זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], דו וועסט זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], איר וועט זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], ער וועט זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], זיי וועלן זײַן געקראָכן [future, perfect], no-table-tags [table-tags], Composed forms
  1. (intransitive) to crawl, creep Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-קריכן-yi-verb-X9qvrg8M Categories (other): Yiddish entries with incorrect language header, Yiddish links with redundant wikilinks Disambiguation of Yiddish entries with incorrect language header: 72 28 Disambiguation of Yiddish links with redundant wikilinks: 90 10
  2. (intransitive, of a timepiece) to be slow Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-קריכן-yi-verb-wtkSbXXF
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: אַרונטערקריכן (arunterkrikhn) (english: to climb down)

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for קריכן meaning in All languages combined (7.0kB)

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "loyfn",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “of a timepiece”",
      "word": "לויפֿן"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "to climb down",
      "roman": "arunterkrikhn",
      "word": "אַרונטערקריכן"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "kriechen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German kriechen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "kriochan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German kriochan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kreukan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kreukan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kreukaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kreukaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle High German kriechen, from Old High German kriochan, from Proto-West Germanic *kreukan, from Proto-Germanic *kreukaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "krikhn",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "געקראָכן",
      "roman": "gekrokhn",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכן",
      "roman": "krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכנדיק",
      "roman": "krikhndik",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "געקראָכן",
      "roman": "gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זײַן",
      "roman": "zayn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך קריך",
      "roman": "ikh krikh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר קריכן",
      "roman": "mir krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו קריכסט",
      "roman": "du krikhst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר קריכט",
      "roman": "ir krikht",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער קריכט",
      "roman": "er krikht",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי קריכן",
      "roman": "zey krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריך (דו)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krikh (du)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכט (איר)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krikht (ir)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך בין געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh bin gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר זענען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir zenen gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו ביסט געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du bist gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר זענט געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir zent gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער איז געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er iz gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי זענען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey zenen gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך בין געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh bin geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר זענען געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir zenen geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו ביסט געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du bist geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר זענט געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir zent geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער איז געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er iz geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי זענען געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey zenen geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך וועל קריכן",
      "roman": "ikh vel krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר וועלן קריכן",
      "roman": "mir veln krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו וועסט קריכן",
      "roman": "du vest krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר וועט קריכן",
      "roman": "ir vet krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער וועט קריכן",
      "roman": "er vet krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי וועלן קריכן",
      "roman": "zey veln krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך וועל זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh vel zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר וועלן זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir veln zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו וועסט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du vest zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר וועט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir vet zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער וועט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er vet zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי וועלן זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey veln zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Composed forms",
      "source": "conjugation"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "געקראָכן"
      },
      "expansion": "קריכן • (krikhn) (past participle געקראָכן (gekrokhn))",
      "name": "yi-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "aux": "z",
        "past": "געקראָכן"
      },
      "name": "yi-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Yiddish",
  "lang_code": "yi",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "72 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Yiddish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "90 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Yiddish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to crawl, creep"
      ],
      "id": "en-קריכן-yi-verb-X9qvrg8M",
      "links": [
        [
          "crawl",
          "crawl"
        ],
        [
          "creep",
          "creep"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to crawl, creep"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to be slow"
      ],
      "id": "en-קריכן-yi-verb-wtkSbXXF",
      "links": [
        [
          "slow",
          "slow"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, of a timepiece) to be slow"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a timepiece"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkʁɪχn̩/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "קריכן"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "loyfn",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “of a timepiece”",
      "word": "לויפֿן"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "Yiddish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yiddish lemmas",
    "Yiddish links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Yiddish terms derived from Middle High German",
    "Yiddish terms derived from Old High German",
    "Yiddish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Yiddish terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Yiddish terms inherited from Middle High German",
    "Yiddish terms inherited from Old High German",
    "Yiddish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Yiddish terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Yiddish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Yiddish verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "to climb down",
      "roman": "arunterkrikhn",
      "word": "אַרונטערקריכן"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "kriechen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German kriechen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "kriochan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German kriochan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*kreukan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kreukan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kreukaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kreukaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle High German kriechen, from Old High German kriochan, from Proto-West Germanic *kreukan, from Proto-Germanic *kreukaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "krikhn",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "געקראָכן",
      "roman": "gekrokhn",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכן",
      "roman": "krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכנדיק",
      "roman": "krikhndik",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "געקראָכן",
      "roman": "gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זײַן",
      "roman": "zayn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך קריך",
      "roman": "ikh krikh",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר קריכן",
      "roman": "mir krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו קריכסט",
      "roman": "du krikhst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר קריכט",
      "roman": "ir krikht",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער קריכט",
      "roman": "er krikht",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי קריכן",
      "roman": "zey krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריך (דו)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krikh (du)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "קריכט (איר)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "krikht (ir)",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך בין געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh bin gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר זענען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir zenen gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו ביסט געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du bist gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר זענט געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir zent gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער איז געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er iz gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי זענען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey zenen gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך בין געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh bin geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר זענען געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir zenen geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו ביסט געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du bist geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר זענט געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir zent geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער איז געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er iz geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי זענען געווען געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey zenen geven gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך וועל קריכן",
      "roman": "ikh vel krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר וועלן קריכן",
      "roman": "mir veln krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו וועסט קריכן",
      "roman": "du vest krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר וועט קריכן",
      "roman": "ir vet krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער וועט קריכן",
      "roman": "er vet krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי וועלן קריכן",
      "roman": "zey veln krikhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איך וועל זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ikh vel zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "מיר וועלן זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "mir veln zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "דו וועסט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "du vest zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "איר וועט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "ir vet zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ער וועט זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "er vet zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "זיי וועלן זײַן געקראָכן",
      "roman": "zey veln zayn gekrokhn",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yi-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Composed forms",
      "source": "conjugation"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "געקראָכן"
      },
      "expansion": "קריכן • (krikhn) (past participle געקראָכן (gekrokhn))",
      "name": "yi-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "aux": "z",
        "past": "געקראָכן"
      },
      "name": "yi-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Yiddish",
  "lang_code": "yi",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Yiddish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to crawl, creep"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crawl",
          "crawl"
        ],
        [
          "creep",
          "creep"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to crawl, creep"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Yiddish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be slow"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "slow",
          "slow"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, of a timepiece) to be slow"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a timepiece"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkʁɪχn̩/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "קריכן"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.