"вꙑтоле" meaning in All languages combined

See вꙑтоле on Wiktionary

Noun [Old Novgorodian]

Forms: vytole [romanization]
Etymology: Unknown. First attested in c. 1220‒1240. * Per Helimski (1986), borrowed from Finnic languages, cf. Karelian vedelys (“slacker”), Veps vede̮luz (“slacker; tramp, vagabond”), Votic vetelyz (“loitering”), Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”), Finnish vetelys (“slacker, slob”), dialectal vetla (“loitering”), vetlu (“sluggish, lazy”), ultimately from Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”), from *vetä- (“to pull”), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”), which was semantically and phonetically influenced by the similar sounding Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”), from *veci, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”). Compare Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”), Votic vetel (“liquid”) and Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”). * Per Zaliznyak (1995), presumably (based mainly on the semantic context of Birchbark letter no. 600): before us is an unknown name of some commercial river animal. Compare the words Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”), first attested in 1284, dialectal Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”), first attested in с. 1200‒1220 or Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”), attested late, only since the 17th century. Etymology templates: {{unk|zle-ono}} Unknown, {{etydate|c|1220‒1240}} First attested in c. 1220‒1240, {{bor+|zle-ono|urj-fin|nocap=1}} borrowed from Finnic, {{cog|krl|vedelys|t=slacker}} Karelian vedelys (“slacker”), {{cog|vep|vep|vede̮luz|t=slacker; tramp, vagabond}} Veps vede̮luz (“slacker; tramp, vagabond”), {{cog|vot|vetelyz|t=loitering}} Votic vetelyz (“loitering”), {{cog|izh|veettelys|t=slacker}} Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”), {{cog|fi|vetelys|t=slacker, slob}} Finnish vetelys (“slacker, slob”), {{der|zle-ono|urj-fin-pro||*vetälus ~ *vetälä|t=tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker}} Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”), {{der|zle-ono|fiu-pro|*wetä-|t=to lead, pull}} Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”), {{noncog|urj-fin-pro|*vetelä|t=watery; squishy}} Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”), {{der|zle-ono|fiu-pro|*wete|t=water}} Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”), {{cog|olo|vedel|t=watery, wet, liquid}} Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”), {{cog|vot|vetel|t=liquid}} Votic vetel (“liquid”), {{cog|et|vedel|t=liquid, watery; sluggish, weak}} Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”), {{noncog|orv|вꙑдра|t=otter}} Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”), {{noncog|zle-ono|воудра|t=otter}} Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”), {{noncog|zle-mru|выхухоль|t=desman}} Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”) Head templates: {{head|zle-ono|noun|g=m}} вꙑтоле • (vytole) m
  1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    tramp, vagabond, slacker, loitering
    Sense id: en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-sThIT6KU Categories (other): Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning, Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header: 33 33 34 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 33 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 34 33
  2. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    commercial river animal used for fur production (e.g. otter, desman, beaver, water vole, etc.)
    Sense id: en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-1xM3jRGs Categories (other): Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning, Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header: 33 33 34 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 33 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 34 33
  3. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    Sense id: en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-~Mwf1bvk Categories (other): Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning, Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header: 33 33 34 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 33 33 33 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 34 34 33
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      "expansion": "Unknown",
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      "name": "etydate"
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      "args": {
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      "expansion": "Karelian vedelys (“slacker”)",
      "name": "cog"
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        "1": "vep",
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      "name": "cog"
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        "1": "vot",
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      "expansion": "Votic vetelyz (“loitering”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "izh",
        "2": "veettelys",
        "t": "slacker"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "vetelys",
        "t": "slacker, slob"
      },
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      "name": "cog"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "urj-fin-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*vetälus ~ *vetälä",
        "t": "tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "fiu-pro",
        "3": "*wetä-",
        "t": "to lead, pull"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*vetelä",
        "t": "watery; squishy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "fiu-pro",
        "3": "*wete",
        "t": "water"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "olo",
        "2": "vedel",
        "t": "watery, wet, liquid"
      },
      "expansion": "Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vot",
        "2": "vetel",
        "t": "liquid"
      },
      "expansion": "Votic vetel (“liquid”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "vedel",
        "t": "liquid, watery; sluggish, weak"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "orv",
        "2": "вꙑдра",
        "t": "otter"
      },
      "expansion": "Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "воудра",
        "t": "otter"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-mru",
        "2": "выхухоль",
        "t": "desman"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unknown. First attested in c. 1220‒1240.\n* Per Helimski (1986), borrowed from Finnic languages, cf. Karelian vedelys (“slacker”), Veps vede̮luz (“slacker; tramp, vagabond”), Votic vetelyz (“loitering”), Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”), Finnish vetelys (“slacker, slob”), dialectal vetla (“loitering”), vetlu (“sluggish, lazy”), ultimately from Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”), from *vetä- (“to pull”), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”), which was semantically and phonetically influenced by the similar sounding Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”), from *veci, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”). Compare Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”), Votic vetel (“liquid”) and Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”).\n* Per Zaliznyak (1995), presumably (based mainly on the semantic context of Birchbark letter no. 600): before us is an unknown name of some commercial river animal. Compare the words Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”), first attested in 1284, dialectal Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”), first attested in с. 1200‒1220 or Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”), attested late, only since the 17th century.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vytole",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "вꙑтоле • (vytole) m",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "вꙑ‧то‧ле"
  ],
  "lang": "Old Novgorodian",
  "lang_code": "zle-ono",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 33 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
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          "_dis": "33 33 33",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 34 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "tramp, vagabond, slacker, loitering"
      ],
      "id": "en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-sThIT6KU",
      "links": [
        [
          "tramp",
          "tramp"
        ],
        [
          "vagabond",
          "vagabond"
        ],
        [
          "slacker",
          "slacker"
        ],
        [
          "loitering",
          "loitering"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning",
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          "_dis": "33 33 34",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 33 33",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 34 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "commercial river animal used for fur production (e.g. otter, desman, beaver, water vole, etc.)"
      ],
      "id": "en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-1xM3jRGs",
      "links": [
        [
          "otter",
          "otter#English"
        ],
        [
          "desman",
          "desman#English"
        ],
        [
          "beaver",
          "beaver#English"
        ],
        [
          "water vole",
          "water vole#English"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with uncertain meaning",
            "Terms by usage"
          ],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 33 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
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            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 33 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 34 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Greetings from … [to] … Now, Khotyniani (i.e., residents of the Khotynianka river region (?)) sent [you (?)] two men in connection to that lawsuit regarding the river for which Negan sent a man in the name of the prince and from you. These [Khotyniani] will promise you much: for Khotyniani this case is important. [They] promise [to pay in] beavers. [They] say that vytol (vagrant or a river animal (?)) [was] caught; … [they] say to the contrary. But vytol – was [indeed] caught. Promise …",
          "ref": "c. 1220‒1240, Kovalev, Roman K., transl., Берестяная грамота № 600 [Birchbark letter no. 600]:",
          "roman": "[po](kl)[o]no otŭ … … se poslali dva muža xotynęne k ---- pro tu tęžju · pro reku · pro ćto to poslale · nᵉgane · otŭ knęzę i otŭ tebe · simo že ti suliti mnogo · xotynęnomo · tęžę velika · urekyvajutsę bebry · molvęte vytolo · izlovili · -------- [protivu] (mo)lvę · a vy[to]le togo · izlovili · otŭsu[l]ivati …",
          "text": "[по](кл)[о]но ѿ … … се послали два моужа хотꙑнѧне к ---- про ту тѧжю · про реку · про что то послале · н^егане · ѿ кнѧꙁѧ и ѿ тебе · симо же ти соулити много · хотꙑнѧномо · тѧжѧ велика · оурекꙑваютсѧ бебрꙑ · молвѧте вꙑтоло · иꙁловили · -------- [противоу] (мо)лвѧ · а вꙑ[то]ле того · иꙁловили · ѿсоу[л]ивати …",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include"
      ],
      "id": "en-вꙑтоле-zle-ono-noun-~Mwf1bvk",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Andrey Zaliznyak",
    "Eugene Helimski",
    "Valentin Yanin",
    "ru:Аникин, Александр Евгеньевич"
  ],
  "word": "вꙑтоле"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Old Novgorodian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old Novgorodian lemmas",
    "Old Novgorodian masculine nouns",
    "Old Novgorodian nouns",
    "Old Novgorodian terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
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  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono"
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      "expansion": "Unknown",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c",
        "2": "1220‒1240"
      },
      "expansion": "First attested in c. 1220‒1240",
      "name": "etydate"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "urj-fin",
        "nocap": "1"
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      "expansion": "borrowed from Finnic",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "krl",
        "2": "vedelys",
        "t": "slacker"
      },
      "expansion": "Karelian vedelys (“slacker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vep",
        "2": "vep",
        "3": "vede̮luz",
        "t": "slacker; tramp, vagabond"
      },
      "expansion": "Veps vede̮luz (“slacker; tramp, vagabond”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vot",
        "2": "vetelyz",
        "t": "loitering"
      },
      "expansion": "Votic vetelyz (“loitering”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "izh",
        "2": "veettelys",
        "t": "slacker"
      },
      "expansion": "Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "vetelys",
        "t": "slacker, slob"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish vetelys (“slacker, slob”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "urj-fin-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*vetälus ~ *vetälä",
        "t": "tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "fiu-pro",
        "3": "*wetä-",
        "t": "to lead, pull"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "urj-fin-pro",
        "2": "*vetelä",
        "t": "watery; squishy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "fiu-pro",
        "3": "*wete",
        "t": "water"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "olo",
        "2": "vedel",
        "t": "watery, wet, liquid"
      },
      "expansion": "Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vot",
        "2": "vetel",
        "t": "liquid"
      },
      "expansion": "Votic vetel (“liquid”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "vedel",
        "t": "liquid, watery; sluggish, weak"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "orv",
        "2": "вꙑдра",
        "t": "otter"
      },
      "expansion": "Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "воудра",
        "t": "otter"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-mru",
        "2": "выхухоль",
        "t": "desman"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”)",
      "name": "noncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Unknown. First attested in c. 1220‒1240.\n* Per Helimski (1986), borrowed from Finnic languages, cf. Karelian vedelys (“slacker”), Veps vede̮luz (“slacker; tramp, vagabond”), Votic vetelyz (“loitering”), Ingrian veettelys (“slacker”), Finnish vetelys (“slacker, slob”), dialectal vetla (“loitering”), vetlu (“sluggish, lazy”), ultimately from Proto-Finnic *vetälus ~ *vetälä (“tramp, vagabond; loitering, slacker”), from *vetä- (“to pull”), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wetä- (“to lead, pull”), which was semantically and phonetically influenced by the similar sounding Proto-Finnic *vetelä (“watery; squishy”), from *veci, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wete (“water”). Compare Livvi vedel (“watery, wet, liquid”), Votic vetel (“liquid”) and Estonian vedel (“liquid, watery; sluggish, weak”).\n* Per Zaliznyak (1995), presumably (based mainly on the semantic context of Birchbark letter no. 600): before us is an unknown name of some commercial river animal. Compare the words Old East Slavic вꙑдра (vydra, “otter”), first attested in 1284, dialectal Old Novgorodian воудра (vudra, “otter”), first attested in с. 1200‒1220 or Middle Russian выхухоль (vyxuxolʹ, “desman”), attested late, only since the 17th century.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vytole",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zle-ono",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "вꙑтоле • (vytole) m",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "вꙑ‧то‧ле"
  ],
  "lang": "Old Novgorodian",
  "lang_code": "zle-ono",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "tramp, vagabond, slacker, loitering"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "tramp",
          "tramp"
        ],
        [
          "vagabond",
          "vagabond"
        ],
        [
          "slacker",
          "slacker"
        ],
        [
          "loitering",
          "loitering"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:",
        "commercial river animal used for fur production (e.g. otter, desman, beaver, water vole, etc.)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "otter",
          "otter#English"
        ],
        [
          "desman",
          "desman#English"
        ],
        [
          "beaver",
          "beaver#English"
        ],
        [
          "water vole",
          "water vole#English"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Novgorodian terms with quotations",
        "Old Novgorodian terms with uncertain meaning"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Greetings from … [to] … Now, Khotyniani (i.e., residents of the Khotynianka river region (?)) sent [you (?)] two men in connection to that lawsuit regarding the river for which Negan sent a man in the name of the prince and from you. These [Khotyniani] will promise you much: for Khotyniani this case is important. [They] promise [to pay in] beavers. [They] say that vytol (vagrant or a river animal (?)) [was] caught; … [they] say to the contrary. But vytol – was [indeed] caught. Promise …",
          "ref": "c. 1220‒1240, Kovalev, Roman K., transl., Берестяная грамота № 600 [Birchbark letter no. 600]:",
          "roman": "[po](kl)[o]no otŭ … … se poslali dva muža xotynęne k ---- pro tu tęžju · pro reku · pro ćto to poslale · nᵉgane · otŭ knęzę i otŭ tebe · simo že ti suliti mnogo · xotynęnomo · tęžę velika · urekyvajutsę bebry · molvęte vytolo · izlovili · -------- [protivu] (mo)lvę · a vy[to]le togo · izlovili · otŭsu[l]ivati …",
          "text": "[по](кл)[о]но ѿ … … се послали два моужа хотꙑнѧне к ---- про ту тѧжю · про реку · про что то послале · н^егане · ѿ кнѧꙁѧ и ѿ тебе · симо же ти соулити много · хотꙑнѧномо · тѧжѧ велика · оурекꙑваютсѧ бебрꙑ · молвѧте вꙑтоло · иꙁловили · -------- [противоу] (мо)лвѧ · а вꙑ[то]ле того · иꙁловили · ѿсоу[л]ивати …",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Andrey Zaliznyak",
    "Eugene Helimski",
    "Valentin Yanin",
    "ru:Аникин, Александр Евгеньевич"
  ],
  "word": "вꙑтоле"
}

Download raw JSONL data for вꙑтоле meaning in All languages combined (6.9kB)

{
  "called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
  "msg": "''The meaning of this term is un'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
  "path": [
    "вꙑтоле"
  ],
  "section": "Old Novgorodian",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "вꙑтоле",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.