See U in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"word": "o"
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"word": "t"
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"word": "U"
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"Latin",
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"word": "u"
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"Latin",
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"word": "V"
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"word": "v"
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"Latin",
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"_dis1": "19 39 43",
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"word": "w"
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"word": "z"
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{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
"word": "U engine"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
"word": "U of Dub"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
"word": "U of T"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 39 43",
"word": "U-turn"
}
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"forms": [
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"form": "u",
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},
{
"form": "Us",
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"The twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, called u and written in the Latin script."
],
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{
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"Something shaped like the letter U:",
"A U-turn ('turned a U in the road')"
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"name": "Horticulture",
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],
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"Something shaped like the letter U:",
"A double upright cordon espalier (also double U, triple U)."
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"(horticulture) A double upright cordon espalier (also double U, triple U)."
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"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
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"etymology_text": "An abbreviation of a word or term beginning with the letter U. Adjective sense 1 (“characteristic of the upper classes”) was coined by British linguist Alan S. C. Ross (1907–1980) in a 1954 article, and popularized by the English journalist and writer Nancy Mitford (1904–1973).",
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
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{
"ref": "2003, Tony Hillerman, The Sinister Pig, page 115",
"text": "Do a U across the divider and get on back here to the office.",
"type": "quotation"
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],
"glosses": [
"A U-turn."
],
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{
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"word": "university"
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"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of university."
],
"id": "en-U-en-noun-LljEH8R6",
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"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Sunday"
}
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"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of Sunday."
],
"id": "en-U-en-noun-WmEsT2mG",
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],
"glosses": [
"A film with the film classification U (“universal”)."
],
"id": "en-U-en-noun-yGhq2yB5",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(UK) A film with the film classification U (“universal”)."
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"UK"
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}
],
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"ipa": "/juː/"
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{
"rhymes": "-uː"
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"Alan S. C. Ross",
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"forms": [
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"form": "Uer",
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"extra": "characteristic of the upper classes, particularly in the use of language",
"word": "upper class"
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{
"ref": "1954, Alan S[trode] C[ampbell] Ross, “Linguistic Class-indicators in Present-day English”, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen [Modern Language Communications], volume 55, number 1, Helsinki: Modern Language Society, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-15, page 24",
"text": "I may also note here that the U-demarcation is of two types: – (1) a certain U-feature has a different, non-U counterpart as non-U wealthy / U rich; (2) a certain feature is confined to U-speech and it has a counterpart which is not confined to non-U speech e.g. the pronunciations of girl as [ɡɛl], (? [ɡjɛl]), [ɡæl], [ɡɛəl] are U, but many (perhaps most male) U-speakers, like all non-U-speakers, use the pronunciation [ɡəːl].",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "[1956], Alan S. C. Ross, “U and non-U”, in David Milsted, Brewer’s Anthology of England and the English, page 120",
"text": "To TAKE a bath is non-U against U to HAVE one’s bath."
},
{
"ref": "1956, Nancy Mitford, Noblesse Oblige: an Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy",
"text": "In a treatise that still causes ripples in English society, Mitford defined various terms as either U (upper class) or non-U."
},
{
"ref": "1956 February 25, Thought, volume 8, Delhi: Siddhartha Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 16, column 1",
"text": "Pudding when used to mean all sweet dishes at the end of a meal is non-U; the U expression is sweet.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968 August 21, “U and Non-U Today: 2. Actions”, in New Society: The Social Science Weekly, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 267, column 2",
"text": "A wedding is a great occasion for u/non-u indicators. The u mother will be quietly dressed; the non-u one will be more ostentatious and have a corsage. The u father will be wearing his own morning coat and a carnation. The non-u father will bolster his carnation—on his hired morning coat—with a sprig of fern, and perhaps even carry a pair of grey gloves.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1976, J[an] T. J. Srzednicki, “Structure of Beliefs and Group Structure”, in Elements of Social and Political Philosophy (Melbourne International Philosophy Series; 2), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →DOI, page 135",
"text": "The U/non-U priority rule will be in accord with servant master-type rules if masters are U and servants are non-U, for then the rules support each other. But since a master who cannot command is not a master, a non-U sergeant must take priority over a U-recruit, the same with impoverished aristocratic chauffeurs working for nouveau-riche plebeian millionaires.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1977, Beverley Nichols, “Toilet-training”, in The Spectator: A Weekly Review of Politics, Literature, Theology, and Art, volume 238, London: F. C. Westley, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 15, column 3",
"text": "Was it all a huge joke … this U and non-U business? Yes and no. John Betjeman assured me that it was. But some jokes have an element of cruelty and a great many sensitive people, particularly women, must have suffered agonies of embarrassment because they were uncertain as to what was 'done,' and what was not.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, John Algeo, “Sociolinguistic Attitudes and Issues in Contemporary Britain”, in Tim W[illiam] Machan, Charles T. Scott, editors, English in Its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sociolinguistics (Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics), New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 165",
"text": "The concept of U (for upper-class British usage, as opposed to non-U, or everything else) was introduced by Alan S. C. Ross (1954) and was taken up by Nancy Mitford (1956), becoming for a time something of a parlor game in which the participants tested themselves and everyone else for signs of U and non-U status.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Stephan Gramley, Survey of Modern English, page 38",
"text": "Other, perhaps more contentious generalizations, which nevertheless contain a certain amount of truth, are that afternoon tea is U, starts at four and typically consists of tea, thin sandwiches and cakes.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Philip Pettit, “For Holism, against Atomism”, in The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 1st paperback edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1996, part II (Mind and Society), pages 205–206",
"text": "To speak of lavatories is U, of bathrooms non-U; to lay cloth napkins at table is U, to lay paper napkins non-U; and so on through a myriad of equally trivial examples. I assume that there is something distinctively collusive in the way Sloanes use the U-concept: that as they individually decide whether something is U or non-U they look over their shoulders to make sure they stay in step—the community is the authority—rather than looking to the thing itself to see what profile it displays.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Stephan Gramley, The Vocabulary of World English (English Language Series), London: Arnold; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 205",
"text": "For this we must turn to speculations such as those offered in connection with U and non-U English.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011, David Crystal, “65: Lunch: U or Non-U (19th Century)”, in The Story of English in 100 Words, London: Profile Books, page 171",
"text": "Eventually, as we now know, the present-day use of lunch and dinner became established among the fashionable classes. As the 20th century dawned, the pages of Punch magazine are full of references to business lunches and evening dinner parties. Meanwhile, the lower orders of society continued to use dinner for their midday meal, and so the U/non-U distinction was born. But the story of lunch and dinner is not over yet. Expressions such as lunch-box and packed lunch have reinforced a change of usage among many non-U children, so that they now happily talk about school lunches (though still served by dinner ladies).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of upper class (“characteristic of the upper classes, particularly in the use of language”)."
],
"id": "en-U-en-adj-kizCpHLD",
"links": [
[
"upper class",
"upper class#English"
],
[
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"characteristic#Adjective"
],
[
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],
[
"language",
"language"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(comparable, chiefly British, dated) Abbreviation of upper class (“characteristic of the upper classes, particularly in the use of language”)."
],
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{
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}
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"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of united."
],
"id": "en-U-en-adj-Zjro6Hap",
"links": [
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"united#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(not comparable) Abbreviation of united."
],
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]
},
{
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{
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}
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"Abbreviation of upper."
],
"id": "en-U-en-adj-P-6nLrCg",
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[
"upper",
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],
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"(not comparable) Abbreviation of upper."
],
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},
{
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{
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"name": "Education",
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"parents": [
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Espionage",
"orig": "en:Espionage",
"parents": [
"Deception",
"Secrecy",
"Security",
"Ethics",
"Human behaviour",
"Society",
"Philosophy",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
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}
],
"glosses": [
"Usually in parentheses: abbreviation of unclassified."
],
"id": "en-U-en-adj-en:unclassified",
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[
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{
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1954, Alan S[trode] C[ampbell] Ross, “Linguistic Class-indicators in Present-day English”, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen [Modern Language Communications], volume 55, number 1, Helsinki: Modern Language Society, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-15, page 24",
"text": "I may also note here that the U-demarcation is of two types: – (1) a certain U-feature has a different, non-U counterpart as non-U wealthy / U rich; (2) a certain feature is confined to U-speech and it has a counterpart which is not confined to non-U speech e.g. the pronunciations of girl as [ɡɛl], (? [ɡjɛl]), [ɡæl], [ɡɛəl] are U, but many (perhaps most male) U-speakers, like all non-U-speakers, use the pronunciation [ɡəːl].",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "[1956], Alan S. C. Ross, “U and non-U”, in David Milsted, Brewer’s Anthology of England and the English, page 120",
"text": "To TAKE a bath is non-U against U to HAVE one’s bath."
},
{
"ref": "1956, Nancy Mitford, Noblesse Oblige: an Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy",
"text": "In a treatise that still causes ripples in English society, Mitford defined various terms as either U (upper class) or non-U."
},
{
"ref": "1956 February 25, Thought, volume 8, Delhi: Siddhartha Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 16, column 1",
"text": "Pudding when used to mean all sweet dishes at the end of a meal is non-U; the U expression is sweet.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968 August 21, “U and Non-U Today: 2. Actions”, in New Society: The Social Science Weekly, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 267, column 2",
"text": "A wedding is a great occasion for u/non-u indicators. The u mother will be quietly dressed; the non-u one will be more ostentatious and have a corsage. The u father will be wearing his own morning coat and a carnation. The non-u father will bolster his carnation—on his hired morning coat—with a sprig of fern, and perhaps even carry a pair of grey gloves.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1976, J[an] T. J. Srzednicki, “Structure of Beliefs and Group Structure”, in Elements of Social and Political Philosophy (Melbourne International Philosophy Series; 2), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →DOI, page 135",
"text": "The U/non-U priority rule will be in accord with servant master-type rules if masters are U and servants are non-U, for then the rules support each other. But since a master who cannot command is not a master, a non-U sergeant must take priority over a U-recruit, the same with impoverished aristocratic chauffeurs working for nouveau-riche plebeian millionaires.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1977, Beverley Nichols, “Toilet-training”, in The Spectator: A Weekly Review of Politics, Literature, Theology, and Art, volume 238, London: F. C. Westley, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 15, column 3",
"text": "Was it all a huge joke … this U and non-U business? Yes and no. John Betjeman assured me that it was. But some jokes have an element of cruelty and a great many sensitive people, particularly women, must have suffered agonies of embarrassment because they were uncertain as to what was 'done,' and what was not.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, John Algeo, “Sociolinguistic Attitudes and Issues in Contemporary Britain”, in Tim W[illiam] Machan, Charles T. Scott, editors, English in Its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sociolinguistics (Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics), New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 165",
"text": "The concept of U (for upper-class British usage, as opposed to non-U, or everything else) was introduced by Alan S. C. Ross (1954) and was taken up by Nancy Mitford (1956), becoming for a time something of a parlor game in which the participants tested themselves and everyone else for signs of U and non-U status.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Stephan Gramley, Survey of Modern English, page 38",
"text": "Other, perhaps more contentious generalizations, which nevertheless contain a certain amount of truth, are that afternoon tea is U, starts at four and typically consists of tea, thin sandwiches and cakes.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Philip Pettit, “For Holism, against Atomism”, in The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 1st paperback edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1996, part II (Mind and Society), pages 205–206",
"text": "To speak of lavatories is U, of bathrooms non-U; to lay cloth napkins at table is U, to lay paper napkins non-U; and so on through a myriad of equally trivial examples. I assume that there is something distinctively collusive in the way Sloanes use the U-concept: that as they individually decide whether something is U or non-U they look over their shoulders to make sure they stay in step—the community is the authority—rather than looking to the thing itself to see what profile it displays.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Stephan Gramley, The Vocabulary of World English (English Language Series), London: Arnold; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 205",
"text": "For this we must turn to speculations such as those offered in connection with U and non-U English.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011, David Crystal, “65: Lunch: U or Non-U (19th Century)”, in The Story of English in 100 Words, London: Profile Books, page 171",
"text": "Eventually, as we now know, the present-day use of lunch and dinner became established among the fashionable classes. As the 20th century dawned, the pages of Punch magazine are full of references to business lunches and evening dinner parties. Meanwhile, the lower orders of society continued to use dinner for their midday meal, and so the U/non-U distinction was born. But the story of lunch and dinner is not over yet. Expressions such as lunch-box and packed lunch have reinforced a change of usage among many non-U children, so that they now happily talk about school lunches (though still served by dinner ladies).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of upper class (“characteristic of the upper classes, particularly in the use of language”)."
],
"links": [
[
"upper class",
"upper class#English"
],
[
"characteristic",
"characteristic#Adjective"
],
[
"use",
"use#Noun"
],
[
"language",
"language"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(comparable, chiefly British, dated) Abbreviation of upper class (“characteristic of the upper classes, particularly in the use of language”)."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"comparable",
"dated",
"not-comparable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "united"
}
],
"categories": [
"English abbreviations"
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of united."
],
"links": [
[
"united",
"united#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(not comparable) Abbreviation of united."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"not-comparable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "upper"
}
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"categories": [
"English abbreviations"
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"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of upper."
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[
"upper",
"upper#English"
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],
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"(not comparable) Abbreviation of upper."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"not-comparable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English abbreviations",
"en:Education",
"en:Espionage"
],
"glosses": [
"Usually in parentheses: abbreviation of unclassified."
],
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[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"espionage",
"espionage"
],
[
"unclassified",
"unclassified#English"
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"(not comparable, education, espionage) Usually in parentheses: abbreviation of unclassified."
],
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],
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],
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"education",
"espionage",
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English abbreviations"
],
"glosses": [
"In a film certificate: abbreviation of universal (“suitable for all ages”)."
],
"links": [
[
"film",
"film#Noun"
],
[
"certificate",
"certificate"
],
[
"universal",
"universal#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(not comparable, UK) In a film certificate: abbreviation of universal (“suitable for all ages”)."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"not-comparable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alan S. C. Ross",
"Nancy Mitford"
],
"word": "U"
}
{
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"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English prepositions",
"English terms borrowed from Burmese",
"English terms derived from Burmese",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using lite templates",
"Rhymes:English/uː",
"Rhymes:English/uː/1 syllables",
"en:Academic grades"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
"1": "abbreviation"
},
"expansion": "abbreviation",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "An abbreviation of a word or term beginning with the letter U. Adjective sense 1 (“characteristic of the upper classes”) was coined by British linguist Alan S. C. Ross (1907–1980) in a 1954 article, and popularized by the English journalist and writer Nancy Mitford (1904–1973).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "prepositions",
"head": ""
},
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{
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}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "under"
}
],
"categories": [
"English abbreviations",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Sports"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, Pam Mansell, The Girls of Southend High School 1913-2013: A Century for Women",
"text": "In 1992 Susan Lockhart was Captain of the England U16 Hockey Squad.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of under."
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"under",
"under#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sports) Abbreviation of under."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "up"
}
],
"categories": [
"English abbreviations"
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of up."
],
"links": [
[
"up",
"up#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "under"
},
{
"word": "prefix under-"
}
],
"categories": [
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"English stenoscript abbreviations"
],
"glosses": [
"Abbreviation of under, prefix under-."
],
"links": [
[
"stenoscript",
"Stenoscript"
],
[
"under",
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[
"under-",
"under-#English"
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"(stenoscript) Abbreviation of under, prefix under-."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
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}
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{
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{
"rhymes": "-uː"
}
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"Nancy Mitford"
],
"word": "U"
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{
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"etymology_templates": [
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"expansion": "(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)",
"name": "rfe-lite"
}
],
"etymology_text": "(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)",
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{
"args": {},
"expansion": "U",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A language belonging to the Austroasiatic language family which is spoken in China."
],
"links": [
[
"Austroasiatic",
"Austroasiatic"
],
[
"China",
"China"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "P'uman"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a language belonging to the Austroasiatic language family",
"word": "濮滿"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Pú mǎn",
"sense": "a language belonging to the Austroasiatic language family",
"word": "濮满"
}
],
"word": "U"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Burmese",
"English terms derived from Burmese",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages using lite templates",
"Rhymes:English/uː",
"Rhymes:English/uː/1 syllables",
"en:Academic grades"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_text": "See Ü.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "U",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Tibetan language",
"word": "Ü"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1924, William Montgomery McGovern, To Lhasa in Disguise: A Secret Expedition Through Mysterious Tibet",
"text": "Among the settled communities of Central Tibet, the Tsang dialect as spoken in Shigatse and the U dialect as spoken in Lhasa hold the field.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of Ü (“Tibetan language”)"
],
"links": [
[
"Ü",
"Ü#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
}
],
"word": "U"
}
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
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"English terms derived from Burmese",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using lite templates",
"Rhymes:English/uː",
"Rhymes:English/uː/1 syllables",
"en:Academic grades"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
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"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "my",
"3": "ဦး",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Burmese ဦး (u:)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "my",
"3": "ဦး"
},
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"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Burmese ဦး (u:).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Us",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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"args": {},
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}
],
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{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "U Thant; U Nu",
"type": "example"
}
],
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"An honorific to a Burmese man"
],
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"honorific",
"honorific#English"
],
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"man",
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}
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"rhymes": "-uː"
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"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: stenoscript",
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"U"
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"title": "U",
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}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: stenoscript",
"path": [
"U"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "preposition",
"title": "U",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (bb24e0f and c7ea76d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.