See 敦煌 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "上古漢語專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "上古漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "中古漢語專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "中古漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "吳語專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "吳語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「敦」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「煌」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有2個詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "派生自伊朗語支的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "潮州話專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "潮州話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語專有名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Dunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Tun-huang"
},
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Tunhuang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "可能來自歷史悠久的伊朗語支語言，最早漢文紀錄出現於公元前2世紀；可能和後來的粟特語 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)同源 – 這是粟特人知道的敦煌名稱，見於“粟特語古文字書卷” （4世紀初）（Gharib, 1995）；可能與古希臘語 Θροάνα (Throána)（托勒密《地理學指南》，第5卷第16章）和巴克特里亞語（Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966；Baxter and Sagart, 2014）相關。",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*燉煌"
}
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"pos_title": "專有名詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語 甘肅城市",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～市) 縣級市名，位於中國甘肅酒泉"
],
"id": "zh-敦煌-zh-name-BUkVjoSk"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有歷史詞義的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語 中國郡",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) 郡名，位於現今中國甘肅"
],
"id": "zh-敦煌-zh-name-PsuoL79z",
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有歷史詞義的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語 中國縣",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～縣) 縣名，位於中國甘肅酒泉"
],
"id": "zh-敦煌-zh-name-JBwPVl1c",
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai",
"Wugniu"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taibei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wugniu"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"MiniDict"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"白–沙"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"鄭張"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
{
"categories": [
"上古漢語專有名詞",
"上古漢語詞元",
"中古漢語專有名詞",
"中古漢語詞元",
"吳語專有名詞",
"吳語詞元",
"官話專有名詞",
"官話詞元",
"帶「敦」的漢語詞",
"帶「煌」的漢語詞",
"有2個詞條的頁面",
"有國際音標的漢語詞",
"有詞條的頁面",
"泉漳話專有名詞",
"泉漳話詞元",
"派生自伊朗語支的漢語詞",
"漢語專有名詞",
"漢語詞元",
"潮州話專有名詞",
"潮州話詞元",
"粵語專有名詞",
"粵語詞元"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Dunhuang"
},
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Tun-huang"
},
{
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"roman": "Tunhwang",
"word": "Tunhuang"
}
],
"etymology_text": "可能來自歷史悠久的伊朗語支語言，最早漢文紀錄出現於公元前2世紀；可能和後來的粟特語 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)同源 – 這是粟特人知道的敦煌名稱，見於“粟特語古文字書卷” （4世紀初）（Gharib, 1995）；可能與古希臘語 Θροάνα (Throána)（托勒密《地理學指南》，第5卷第16章）和巴克特里亞語（Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966；Baxter and Sagart, 2014）相關。",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*燉煌"
}
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"pos_title": "專有名詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"漢語 甘肅城市"
],
"glosses": [
"(～市) 縣級市名，位於中國甘肅酒泉"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"有歷史詞義的漢語詞",
"漢語 中國郡"
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) 郡名，位於現今中國甘肅"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"有歷史詞義的漢語詞",
"漢語 中國縣"
],
"glosses": [
"(～縣) 縣名，位於中國甘肅酒泉"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai",
"Wugniu"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taibei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wugniu"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"MiniDict"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"白–沙"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"鄭張"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 敦煌 meaning in 漢語 (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 漢語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-09 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-01 using wiktextract (99a4ed9 and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.