See 孤塗 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "上古漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "上古漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "中古漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "中古漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「塗」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「孤」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有1個詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "派生自匈奴語的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "源自匈奴語的漢語借詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"etymology_text": "借自匈奴語。",
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤涂",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "孤屠"
}
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有引文的文言文詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有歷史詞義的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
44,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"ref": "《漢書》，約公元1世紀",
"roman": "Xiōngnú wèi tiān wéi “chēnglí”, wèi zǐ wéi “gūtú”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」。"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
44,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"ref": "《漢書》，約公元1世紀",
"roman": "Xiōngnú wèi tiān wéi “chēnglí”, wèi zǐ wéi “gūtú”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "匈奴谓天为「撑犁」，谓子为「孤涂」。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"匈奴語中稱呼兒子"
],
"id": "zh-孤塗-zh-noun-azKYhICF",
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūtú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄊㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūtú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄊㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gutú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tʻu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-tú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gutwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуту (gutu)"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"中古漢語"
],
"zh_pron": "ku du|drae"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"白–沙"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa lˤa/"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"鄭張"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː rlaː|l'aː/"
}
],
"word": "孤塗"
}
{
"categories": [
"上古漢語名詞",
"上古漢語詞元",
"中古漢語名詞",
"中古漢語詞元",
"官話名詞",
"官話詞元",
"帶「塗」的漢語詞",
"帶「孤」的漢語詞",
"有1個詞條的頁面",
"有國際音標的漢語詞",
"有詞條的頁面",
"派生自匈奴語的漢語詞",
"源自匈奴語的漢語借詞",
"漢語名詞",
"漢語詞元"
],
"etymology_text": "借自匈奴語。",
"forms": [
{
"form": "孤涂",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "孤屠"
}
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"有引文的文言文詞",
"有歷史詞義的漢語詞"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
44,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"ref": "《漢書》，約公元1世紀",
"roman": "Xiōngnú wèi tiān wéi “chēnglí”, wèi zǐ wéi “gūtú”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」。"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
44,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
16
]
],
"ref": "《漢書》，約公元1世紀",
"roman": "Xiōngnú wèi tiān wéi “chēnglí”, wèi zǐ wéi “gūtú”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "匈奴谓天为「撑犁」，谓子为「孤涂」。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"匈奴語中稱呼兒子"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūtú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄊㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gūtú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄍㄨ ㄊㄨˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "gutú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ku¹-tʻu²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "gū-tú"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "gutwu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "гуту (gutu)"
},
{
"ipa": "/ku⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"中古漢語"
],
"zh_pron": "ku du|drae"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"白–沙"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷˤa lˤa/"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"上古",
"鄭張"
],
"zh_pron": "/*kʷaː rlaː|l'aː/"
}
],
"word": "孤塗"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 孤塗 meaning in 漢語 (2.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 漢語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-07-31 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2025-07-20 using wiktextract (ed078bd and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.