不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinfan, Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Huayang, Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Pidu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Wenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jintang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dujiangyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qionglai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaojin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songpan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Maoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"alt": "Luojiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianzhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guanghan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ziyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒有"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lezhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"alt": "Anzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zitong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"alt": "Zhangming", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Santai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"alt": "Zhaohua", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiange"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongya"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingshen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Renshou"}, {"alt": "Naxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Luzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hejiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"alt": "Nanxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gongxian"}, {"alt": "Gusong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"alt": "Bowangshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Junlian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Emeishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ebian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianwei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mabian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Neijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weiyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shehong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuechi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wusheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yilong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Peng'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuanhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bazhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fushun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leibo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Nanchuan"], "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dazu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Rongchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yongchuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Bishan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongnan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Hechuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Changshou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fuling", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Jiangjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wanzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Shizhu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Kaizhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Chengkou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dianjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Liangping", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fengdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Zhongxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Qianjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Pengshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Youyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Xiushan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yunyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wuxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fengjie", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wushan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "冇"}, {"alt": "Jiangxia", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"alt": "Caidian", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xinzhou"], "word": "Wuhan"}, {"alt": "Huangpi", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dangyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yidu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Enshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hefeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Badong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuan'en"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laohekou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baokang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanzhang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, 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"Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], 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"Yashao", "sense": "not", "word": "Yangdong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyi"}, {"alt": "Xinpo", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"alt": "Yangjiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianjiang"}, {"alt": "Wuyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhou"}, {"alt": "Liubao", "sense": "not", "word": "Cangwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"alt": "Lianzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Shatian", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Madong", "sense": "not", "word": "Guiping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Yingpan", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cô Tô", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cát Bà", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Fangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Fangchenggang"}, {"alt": "Laituan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongzuo"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Ho Chi Minh City"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Móng Cái"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"alt": "Wangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hukou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiushui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Duchang"}, {"alt": "Quankou", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Poyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yugan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wannian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Jiangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinfan, Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Huayang, Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Pidu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Wenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jintang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dujiangyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qionglai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaojin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songpan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Maoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"alt": "Luojiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianzhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guanghan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ziyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒有"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lezhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"alt": "Anzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zitong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"alt": "Zhangming", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Santai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"alt": "Zhaohua", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiange"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongya"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingshen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Renshou"}, {"alt": "Naxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Luzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hejiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"alt": "Nanxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gongxian"}, {"alt": "Gusong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"alt": "Bowangshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Junlian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Emeishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ebian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianwei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mabian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Neijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weiyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shehong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuechi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wusheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yilong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Peng'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuanhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bazhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fushun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leibo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Nanchuan"], "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dazu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Rongchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yongchuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Bishan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongnan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Hechuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Changshou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fuling", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Jiangjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wanzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Shizhu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Kaizhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Chengkou", "sense": 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"word": "Mingguang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianchang"}, {"alt": "Echeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Ezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanggang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hong'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Macheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luotian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangmei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaogan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anlu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunmeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dawu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhashui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruichang"}, {"alt": "Gangkou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningguo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "唔"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hong Kong"}, {"alt": "Kam Tin; Weitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hong 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Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, 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"Yashao", "sense": "not", "word": "Yangdong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyi"}, {"alt": "Xinpo", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"alt": "Yangjiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianjiang"}, {"alt": "Wuyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhou"}, {"alt": "Liubao", "sense": "not", "word": "Cangwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"alt": "Lianzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Shatian", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Madong", "sense": "not", "word": "Guiping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Yingpan", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cô Tô", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cát Bà", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": 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"Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", 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"word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. 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"Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", 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"word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinfan, Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Huayang, Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Pidu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Wenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jintang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dujiangyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qionglai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaojin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songpan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Maoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"alt": "Luojiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianzhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guanghan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ziyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒有"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lezhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"alt": "Anzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zitong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"alt": "Zhangming", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Santai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"alt": "Zhaohua", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiange"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengshan"}, {"sense": 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{"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinfan, Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Huayang, Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Pidu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Wenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jintang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dujiangyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qionglai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaojin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songpan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Maoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"alt": "Luojiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianzhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guanghan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ziyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒有"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lezhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"alt": "Anzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zitong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"alt": "Zhangming", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Santai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"alt": "Zhaohua", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiange"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongya"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingshen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Renshou"}, {"alt": "Naxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Luzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hejiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"alt": "Nanxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gongxian"}, {"alt": "Gusong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"alt": "Bowangshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Junlian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Emeishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ebian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianwei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mabian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Neijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weiyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shehong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuechi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wusheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yilong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Peng'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuanhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bazhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fushun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leibo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Nanchuan"], "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dazu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Rongchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yongchuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Bishan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongnan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Hechuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Changshou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fuling", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Jiangjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wanzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Shizhu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Kaizhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Chengkou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dianjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Liangping", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fengdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Zhongxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Qianjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Pengshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Youyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Xiushan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yunyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wuxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fengjie", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wushan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "冇"}, {"alt": "Jiangxia", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"alt": "Caidian", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xinzhou"], "word": "Wuhan"}, {"alt": "Huangpi", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dangyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yidu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Enshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hefeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Badong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuan'en"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laohekou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baokang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanzhang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, 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"Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], 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"Yashao", "sense": "not", "word": "Yangdong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyi"}, {"alt": "Xinpo", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"alt": "Yangjiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianjiang"}, {"alt": "Wuyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhou"}, {"alt": "Liubao", "sense": "not", "word": "Cangwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"alt": "Lianzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Shatian", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Madong", "sense": "not", "word": "Guiping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Yingpan", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cô Tô", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cát Bà", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Fangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Fangchenggang"}, {"alt": "Laituan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongzuo"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Ho Chi Minh City"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Móng Cái"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"alt": "Wangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hukou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiushui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Duchang"}, {"alt": "Quankou", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Poyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yugan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wannian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Jiangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinfan, Xindu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Huayang, Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Pidu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Wenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Shuangliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"alt": "Xinjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chengdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jintang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dujiangyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qionglai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaojin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songpan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Maoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"alt": "Luojiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Deyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianzhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guanghan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ziyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒有"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lezhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"alt": "Anzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Mianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zitong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"alt": "Zhangming", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "沒"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Santai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"alt": "Zhaohua", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiange"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongya"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingshen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Renshou"}, {"alt": "Naxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Luzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hejiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"alt": "Nanxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Yibin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaoxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gongxian"}, {"alt": "Gusong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"alt": "Bowangshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Xingwen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Junlian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Emeishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ebian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianwei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mabian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Neijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weiyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shehong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guang'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuechi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wusheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yilong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Peng'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dazhu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaijiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuanhan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bazhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zigong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fushun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leibo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Nanchuan"], "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Dazu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Rongchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Yongchuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Bishan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Tongnan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Hechuan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Changshou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Fuling", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Jiangjin", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Wanzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Shizhu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Kaizhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongqing"}, {"alt": "Chengkou", "sense": 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"word": "Mingguang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianchang"}, {"alt": "Echeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Ezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanggang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hong'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Macheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luotian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangmei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxue"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiaogan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anlu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yingcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunmeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dawu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhashui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiujiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruichang"}, {"alt": "Gangkou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningguo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "唔"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hong Kong"}, {"alt": "Kam Tin; Weitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hong 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Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, 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"Yashao", "sense": "not", "word": "Yangdong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyi"}, {"alt": "Xinpo", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"alt": "Yangjiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianjiang"}, {"alt": "Wuyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhou"}, {"alt": "Liubao", "sense": "not", "word": "Cangwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"alt": "Lianzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Shatian", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Madong", "sense": "not", "word": "Guiping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Yingpan", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cô Tô", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cát Bà", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": 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"Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", 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"word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. 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"Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", 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"word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese proper nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese proper nouns", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese proper nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 3, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Chinese surnames"], "glosses": ["a surname"], "links": [["surname", "surname"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuw"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese proper nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese proper nouns", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese proper nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 3, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Chinese surnames"], "glosses": ["a surname"], "links": [["surname", "surname"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuw"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Baxter-Sagart not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], 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"Yashao", "sense": "not", "word": "Yangdong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyi"}, {"alt": "Xinpo", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"alt": "Yangjiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhanjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianjiang"}, {"alt": "Wuyang", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhou"}, {"alt": "Liubao", "sense": "not", "word": "Cangwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"alt": "Lianzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Shatian", "sense": "not", "word": "Hepu"}, {"alt": "Madong", "sense": "not", "word": "Guiping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Yingpan", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cô Tô", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Qiaogang - Cát Bà", "sense": "not", "word": "Beihai"}, {"alt": "Fangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Fangchenggang"}, {"alt": "Laituan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongzuo"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Ho Chi Minh City"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Móng Cái"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"alt": "Wangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hukou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiushui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Duchang"}, {"alt": "Quankou", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Poyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yugan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wannian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Jiangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Baxter-Sagart not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese proper nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese proper nouns", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese proper nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 3, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Chinese surnames"], "glosses": ["a surname"], "links": [["surname", "surname"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuw"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 4, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"glosses": ["Original form of 柎 (fū, “calyx”)."], "links": [["柎", "柎#Chinese"], ["calyx", "calyx"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄨ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fu"}, {"ipa": "/fu⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"ipa": "/fu⁵⁵/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese onomatopoeias", "Chinese syllables", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 5, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh"}, "expansion": "Onomatopoeic", "name": "onom"}], "etymology_text": "Onomatopoeic.", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"glosses": ["Only used in 不不鐙兒 /不不镫儿 (būbūdèngr)."], "links": [["不不鐙兒", "不不鐙兒#Chinese"], ["不不镫儿", "不不镫儿#Chinese"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bū"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵⁵/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lueyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Baqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Yanliang", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Lintong", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Chang'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Huyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"alt": "Gaoling", "sense": "not", "word": "Xi'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lantian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongshou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changwu"}, {"alt": "Wangyi", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"alt": "Yaozhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yijun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huazhou"], "word": "Weinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dali"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huanglong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luochuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"alt": "Chencang", "sense": "not", "word": "Baoji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fufeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Meixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taibai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suqian"}, {"alt": "Ganyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianyungang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Donghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Bengbu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou, Anhui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaibei"}, {"alt": "Qiuzhuang", "sense": "not", "word": "Guangde"}, {"alt": "Anling; Junhua", "sense": "not", "word": "Qimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiuquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dunhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shandan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hami"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ürümqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jimsar"}, 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"Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese proper nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese proper nouns", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese proper nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 3, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Chinese surnames"], "glosses": ["a surname"], "links": [["surname", "surname"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuw"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Middle-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 4, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"glosses": ["Original form of 柎 (fū, “calyx”)."], "links": [["柎", "柎#Chinese"], ["calyx", "calyx"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄨ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fu¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fū"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fu"}, {"ipa": "/fu⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"ipa": "/fu⁵⁵/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Middle-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Eastern Min adverbs", "Eastern Min hanzi", "Eastern Min lemmas", "Eastern Min particles", "Middle Chinese adverbs", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Northern Min adverbs", "Northern Min hanzi", "Northern Min lemmas", "Northern Min particles", "Old Chinese adverbs", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "descendants": [{"depth": 0, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "ja", "2": "-", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Japanese:", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "gloss": ""}, "expansion": "不(ふ) (fu)", "name": "ja-r"}, {"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "불(不)", "3": "부(不)", "4": "", "5": "", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "id2": "不", "id3": "", "id4": "", "t": "", "t2": "", "t3": "", "t4": ""}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "vi", "2": "bất", "bor": "1", "id": "不", "t": "", "tr": "不"}, "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "desc"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "5": "", "6": "", "h": "不", "j2": "", "j2t": "", "j3": "", "j3t": "", "j4": "", "j4t": "", "jdesc": "", "jje2": "", "jje2t": "", "jje3": "", "jje3t": "", "jje4": "", "jje4t": "", "jjedesc": "", "jjet": "", "jt": "", "k2": "부", "k2t": "", "k3": "", "k3t": "", "k4": "", "k4t": "", "kdesc": "", "kt": "", "o": "不", "o2": "", "o2t": "", "o3": "", "o3t": "", "o4": "", "o4t": "", "odesc": "", "ot": "", "s": "不", "v": "不", "v2": "", "v2t": "", "v3": "", "v3t": "", "v4": "", "v4t": "", "vdesc": "", "vt": ""}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV/code"}, {"args": {"1": "", "2": "ふ", "3": "불", "4": "bất", "k2": "부"}, "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)", "name": "CJKV"}], "text": "Sino-Xenic (不):\n* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)\n* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)\n* → Vietnamese: bất (不)"}], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)", "name": "Han etyl"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "Han pictograms"}, "expansion": "", "name": "categorize"}, {"args": {"1": "p"}, "expansion": "Pictogram (象形)", "name": "liushu"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*口"}, "expansion": "口", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "否"}, "expansion": "否", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "柎"}, "expansion": "柎 (OC *po)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*一"}, "expansion": "一", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*毋"}, "expansion": "毋", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*勿"}, "expansion": "勿", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "*非"}, "expansion": "非", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "sit-pro", "2": "*ma"}, "expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "毋"}, "expansion": "毋 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "無"}, "expansion": "無 (OC *ma)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "勿"}, "expansion": "勿 (OC *mɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "Takahashi (1996)"}, "expansion": "Takahashi (1996)", "name": "zh-ref"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "弗"}, "expansion": "弗", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "*否", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "否 (“not”)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "父", "2": "dad"}, "expansion": "父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "爸"}, "expansion": "爸 (bà)", "name": "zh-l"}, {"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "不"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "lang"}, {"args": {"1": "弗", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "非", "2": "not be; not", "tr": "*pɯj"}, "expansion": "非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "不", "2": "not"}, "expansion": "不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "惟", "2": "to be"}, "expansion": "惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "否", "2": "not; to be wrong"}, "expansion": "否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "匪", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "棐", "2": "it is not; to be not", "tr": "*pɯjʔ"}, "expansion": "棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”)", "name": "och-l"}, {"args": {"1": "th", "2": "บ่", "3": "", "4": "(literary, archaic, dialectal) not"}, "expansion": "Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "Schuessler, 2007"}, "expansion": "Schuessler, 2007", "name": "zh-ref"}], "etymology_text": "Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003)\nPictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.\nFollowing Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.\nOld Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:\nTakahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).\nIn the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.\nIt is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).\nThe development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat¹, Meixian Hakka bud⁵, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).\n不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:\n* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);\n* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);\n* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);\n* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and\n* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).\nCognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).", "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "這個不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "This is not good.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Zhège bù hǎo.", "text": "这个不好。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不愛你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "He does not love you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā bú ài nǐ.", "text": "他不爱你。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["not"], "links": [["not", "not"]], "raw_glosses": ["(preceding verbs and adjectives) not"], "raw_tags": ["preceding verbs and adjectives"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "得"}], "categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Requests for translations of Mandarin quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不見你。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "I can't see you.", "raw_tags": ["Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ.", "text": "我看不见你。", "type": "example"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}, {"raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:", "roman": "Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["cannot"], "links": [["cannot", "cannot"]], "qualifier": "between a verb and a complement", "raw_glosses": ["(between a verb and a complement) cannot"]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with quotations", "Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你是日本人吗？不，我不是。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "*Intonational high pitch here.\nAren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:", "roman": "Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Socrates enlightened his students, \"You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?\" The students said, \"No, this is a good deed.\"", "raw_tags": ["Taiwanese Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": "2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:", "roman": "Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)"], "links": [["polar question", "polar question#English"], ["no", "no"], ["yes", "yes"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.", "raw_tags": ["MSC", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives."], "links": [["就", "就#Chinese"]]}, {"categories": ["Mandarin terms with usage examples", "Regional Chinese"], "examples": [{"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Traditional Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？", "type": "example"}, {"english": "Do you like eating carrots?", "raw_tags": ["Guanzhong Pinyin", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Simplified Chinese"], "roman": "Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?", "text": "你爱吃红萝卜不？", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "links": [["regional", "regional#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question."], "tags": ["regional"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese colloquialisms"], "glosses": ["Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "links": [["好", "好#Chinese"]], "raw_glosses": ["(colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo)."], "tags": ["colloquial"]}, {"categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不顯、帝命不時。", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version", "roman": "Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí.", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "有周不显、帝命不时。", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts."]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin", "standard"], "zh-pron": "bu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo", "standard"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Mandarin", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bú"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Xi'an"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Nanjing"], "zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Mandarin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "bat¹"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taishan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "PFS", "Sixian"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Guangdong", "Hakka", "Meixian"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"zh-pron": "bók"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "POJ"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "bug⁴"}, {"zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄅㄨˋ"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "pu⁴"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bù"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Pinyin", "Sichuanese"], "zh-pron": "bu²"}, {"tags": ["Chengdu", "Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/", "tags": ["Chengdu", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bú"}, {"zh-pron": "bu"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/pu/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"zh-pron": "bůq"}, {"zh-pron": "buq⁵"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "бу"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Cyrillic", "Dungan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "I"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/", "tags": ["Dungan", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "bāt"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "bat⁷"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "bed¹"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Taicheng", "Taishanese", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "but²"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Sinological-IPA", "Taicheng", "Taishanese"]}, {"tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "biit⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/", "tags": ["Gan", "Nanchang", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Phak-fa-su"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hakka", "Hakka-Romanization-System"], "zh-pron": "bud^ˋ"}, {"tags": ["Hagfa-Pinyim", "Hakka"], "zh-pron": "bud⁵"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/", "tags": ["Hakka", "Meixian", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Jin", "Taiyuan", "Wiktionary-specific"], "zh-pron": "beh⁴"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/", "tags": ["Jin", "Sinological-IPA", "Taiyuan"]}, {"tags": ["Jian'ou", "Kienning-Colloquial-Romanized"], "zh-pron": "bŭ"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Jian'ou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Foochow-Romanized", "Fuzhou"], "zh-pron": "bók"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/", "tags": ["Fuzhou", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Tai-lo"], "zh-pron": "put"}, {"tags": ["Hokkien", "Phofsit-Daibuun"], "zh-pron": "pud"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Jinjiang", "Quanzhou"]}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/", "tags": ["Hokkien", "Kaohsiung", "Taipei", "Xiamen", "Zhangzhou"]}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "puk"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁷peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "peh^入"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "⁴peq"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"tags": ["Northern", "Wu"], "zh-pron": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"tags": ["Changsha", "Wiktionary-specific", "Xiang"], "zh-pron": "bu⁶"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/", "tags": ["Changsha", "Sinological-IPA", "Xiang"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjut"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ'/"}, {"ipa": "/pu⁵¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pu/"}, {"ipa": "/puʔ⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pou²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pɐt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pɨt̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚¹/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ²/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/pouʔ²⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/put̚³²/"}, {"ipa": "/puk̚²/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁵⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/pəʔ⁴³/"}, {"ipa": "/pu²⁴/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯʔ/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ'/"}], "synonyms": [{"sense": "not", "word": "弗"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "毋"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "勿"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "莫"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "否"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "未"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Beijing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiwan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Langfang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chengde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailar"], "word": "Hulunbuir"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nenjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mohe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiqihar"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tailai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lanxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Muling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ning'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linkou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhaodong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Harbin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiamusi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baicheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhou"}, {"alt": "Shashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Malaysia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Singapore"}, {"alt": "Mikhaylovka", "sense": "not", "word": "Olginsky"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tianjin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baoding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shijiazhuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wudi"}, {"alt": "Weicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Weifang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"alt": "Zhangqiu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dezhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tai'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xintai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Boshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yinan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dalian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dandong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Muping"], "word": "Yantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Laizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Weihai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rongcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingdao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhucheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingbao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuncheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanrong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linfen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hongtong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangqiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangluo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luonan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhen'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ankang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Baihe"}, {"sense": 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"Fangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Fangchenggang"}, {"alt": "Laituan", "sense": "not", "word": "Chongzuo"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Guangfu"], "word": "Ho Chi Minh City"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Móng Cái"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"alt": "Wangcheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hukou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxiu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiushui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pengze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Duchang"}, {"alt": "Quankou", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Poyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yugan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wannian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Jiangxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yichun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanggao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wanzai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fengcheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinyu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"alt": "Dongxiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yihuang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongren"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ji'an"}, {"alt": "Luotian", "sense": "not", "word": "Jishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taihe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiajiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongxin"}, {"alt": "Yujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Yingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"alt": "Heta", "sense": "not", "word": "Susong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wangjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huaining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shitai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangxin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daye"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"alt": "Maqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Xianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chibi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianli"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueyang"}, {"alt": "Xijiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liuyang"}, {"alt": "Baitutan", "sense": "not", "word": "Liling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Youxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jianning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Le'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anfu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jing'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fenyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingning"}, {"alt": "Huicheng; Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Huizhou"}, {"english": "Daling", "sense": "not", "word": "Huidong"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qingxi"], "word": "Dongguan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Shatoujiao"], "word": "Shenzhen"}, {"alt": "Nanlang Heshui", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"alt": "Bendihua", "sense": "not", "word": "Heyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wengyuan"}, {"alt": "Xiaosanjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Lianshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liannan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Conghua", "Lütian"], "word": "Guangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiexi"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiuzhuan"], "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changting"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"alt": "Pingyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuping"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liancheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingliu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yudu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningdu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ruijin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shicheng"}, {"alt": "Shexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "晤"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Sandu"], "word": "Tonggu"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Panlong"], "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"alt": "Nankang", "sense": "not", "word": "Ganzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dayu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quannan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xunwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chongyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xingguo"}, {"alt": "Jinshuitan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonggu"}, {"alt": "Zaoxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Fengxin"}, {"alt": "N. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Miaoli"}, {"alt": "Neipu; S. Sixian", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingtung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hailu", "Zhudong"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dabu", "Dongshi"], "word": "Taichung"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Qionglin", "Raoping"], "word": "Hsinchu County"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lunbei", "Zhao'an"], "word": "Yunlin"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai", "Shalang"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "無"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Xihe"], "word": "Mengshan"}, {"alt": "Daqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Luchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shexian"}, {"alt": "Tunxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Huizhou"], "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dexing"}, {"alt": "Qiandaohu", "sense": "not", "word": "Chun'an"}, {"alt": "Meicheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"alt": "Shouchang", "sense": "not", "word": "Jiande"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taiyuan"}, {"alt": "Taigu", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinzhong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Heshun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yangyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangling"}, {"alt": "Pinglu", "sense": "not", "word": "Suozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuzhai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Lishi"], "word": "Lüliang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shilou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenshui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xixian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"alt": "Tunliu", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qinxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lingchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hohhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Erenhot"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiakou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Handan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suide"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mizhi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wubu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shenmu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fugu"}, {"alt": "Hengshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Yulin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingbian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"alt": "Ansai", "sense": "not", "word": "Yan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ganquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhidan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuqi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingjian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yanchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jian'ou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "伓"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "𣍐"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Songxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhenghe"}, {"alt": "Shibei", "sense": "not", "word": "Pucheng"}, {"alt": "Changle", "sense": "not", "word": "Fuzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongtai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Minqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Gutian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Luoyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fu'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningde"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiapu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zherong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhouning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Fuding"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Matsu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taishun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cangnan"}, {"alt": "Guanhaiwei", "sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tong'an"], "word": "Xiamen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quanzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nan'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shishi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongchun"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dehua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"alt": "Longhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Changtai"], "word": "Zhangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hua'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangpu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunxiao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhao'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Taipei"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaohsiung"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tainan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kinmen"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Penang"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hokkien"], "word": "Manila"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Datian"}, {"alt": "Shangdu", "sense": "not", "word": "Pingnan"}, {"alt": "Feili", "sense": "not", "word": "Langxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Chaozhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shantou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jieyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haifeng"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Batam"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Teochew"], "word": "Pontianak"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Leizhou"}, {"alt": "Xiadong", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Dianbai"], "word": "Maoming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haikou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Hainanese"], "word": "Singapore"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Putian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yong'an"}, {"alt": "Shaxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaowu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Guangze"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangle"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Mingxi"}, {"alt": "Longdu, Shaxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhongshan"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Tingzi"], "word": "Nanning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Binyang"}, {"alt": "Dahe", "sense": "not", "word": "Guilin"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanming"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shunchang"}, {"alt": "Hexi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸"}, {"alt": "Zhengkeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yangpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Xinzhuang, Minhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Songjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Chuansha, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Nanhui, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Huinan, Pudong", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Fengxian", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jinshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Qingpu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Jiading", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Luodian, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"alt": "Yuepu, Baoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Chongming"], "word": "Shanghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"alt": "Xishan, Wuzhong", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"english": "Lili, Wujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Suzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuxi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kunshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhangjiagang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Lüsi", "sense": "not", "word": "Qidong"}, {"alt": "Haimen", "sense": "not", "word": "Nantong"}, {"alt": "Sijia", "sense": "not", "word": "Haimen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiaxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiashan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pinghu"}, {"alt": "Xiashi", "sense": "not", "word": "Haining"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tongxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Haiyan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Liyang"}, {"alt": "Jintan", "sense": "not", "word": "Changzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yixing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Danyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingjiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyin"}, {"alt": "Gaochun", "sense": "not", "word": "Nanjing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"alt": "Xiaofeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Anji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Deqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuhang", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Changfa, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Yuqian, Lin'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "tags": ["Fuyang"], "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"alt": "Xiaoshan", "sense": "not", "word": "Hangzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"alt": "Wusheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Tonglu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Keqiao", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"alt": "Shangyu", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoxing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhuji"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinchang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "嘸沒"}, {"alt": "Zhenhai", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Fenghua", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Beilun", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"alt": "Yinzhou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ningbo"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuyao"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Cixi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Ninghai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"alt": "Dinghai", "sense": "not", "word": "Zhoushan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Daishan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shengsi"}, {"alt": "Huangyan", "sense": "not", "word": "Taizhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Tiantai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xianju"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Sanmen"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Linhai"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yuhuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wenzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yueqing"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongjia"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Rui'an"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Pingyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wencheng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lishui"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qingtian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinyun"}, {"alt": "Liucheng", "sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"alt": "Xiping", "sense": "not", "word": "Songyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yunhe"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingning"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longquan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"alt": "Duze, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Quzhou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Suichang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Kaihua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Longyou"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"alt": "Tangxi", "sense": "not", "word": "Jinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiwu"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yongkang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dongyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wuyi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Guangfeng", "sense": "not", "word": "Shangrao"}, {"alt": "Xihu & Shun'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Nanling"}, {"alt": "Yi'an", "sense": "not", "word": "Tongling"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Huangshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"alt": "Zhaji", "sense": "not", "word": "Jingxian"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Changsha"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Yiyang, Hunan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangtan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xiangxiang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Loudi"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shuangfeng"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Xinhua"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Lianyuan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Shaoyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Wugang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Hengshan"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Qiyang"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Jiangyong"}, {"sense": "not", "word": "Dong'an"}, {"alt": "Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Wujiang", "sense": "not", "tags": ["Xiangyang", "Xihe"], "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang", "sense": "not", "word": "Shaoguan"}, {"alt": "Zhoutian", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Shitang", "sense": "not", "word": "Renhua"}, {"alt": "Songwei, Guitou", "sense": "not", "word": "Ruyuan"}], "wikipedia": ["Emperor Zhao of Han", "Shang Dynasty", "Shuowen", "naming taboo"], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Middle-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese particles", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese particles", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 2, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"alt_of": [{"extra": "negation and question particle", "word": "否"}], "categories": ["Chinese terms with obsolete senses", "Literary Chinese terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Traditional Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？", "type": "quote"}, {"english": "Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?", "raw_tags": ["Classical Chinese", "Simplified Chinese"], "ref": " The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE", "roman": "Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?", "tags": ["Pinyin"], "text": "须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "links": [["否", "否#Chinese"]], "qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese", "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)"], "tags": ["alt-of", "alternative"]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡˇ"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "fou³"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fǒu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Jyutping"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "fáu"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "fau²"}, {"tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangdong-Romanization", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong"], "zh-pron": "feo²"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/", "tags": ["Cantonese", "Guangzhou", "Hong-Kong", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Peng'im", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "houn²"}, {"tags": ["POJ", "Teochew"], "zh-pron": "hóuⁿ"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/", "tags": ["Sinological-IPA", "Teochew"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuwX"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯²¹⁴/"}, {"ipa": "/fɐu̯³⁵/"}, {"ipa": "/hõũ⁵²/"}], "word": "不"}
不 (Chinese character) 不/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Middle-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["Beginning Mandarin", "Chinese adverbs", "Chinese entries with incorrect language header", "Chinese hanzi", "Chinese lemmas", "Chinese proper nouns", "Chinese terms spelled with 不", "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation", "Middle Chinese hanzi", "Middle Chinese lemmas", "Middle Chinese proper nouns", "Old Chinese hanzi", "Old Chinese lemmas", "Old Chinese proper nouns", "Pages with 5 entries", "Pages with entries"], "etymology_number": 3, "forms": [{"form": "㐬"}, {"form": "𠀚"}, {"form": "𠙐"}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "zh", "2": "hanzi"}, "expansion": "不", "name": "head"}], "lang": "Chinese", "lang_code": "zh", "pos": "character", "senses": [{"categories": ["Chinese surnames"], "glosses": ["a surname"], "links": [["surname", "surname"]]}], "sounds": [{"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "bopomofo"], "zh-pron": "ㄈㄡ"}, {"tags": ["Hanyu-Pinyin", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Tongyong-Pinyin"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Wade-Giles"], "zh-pron": "Fou¹"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Yale"], "zh-pron": "Fōu"}, {"tags": ["Gwoyeu-Romatsyh", "Mandarin"], "zh-pron": "Bu"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Фоу"}, {"tags": ["Mandarin", "Palladius"], "zh-pron": "Fou"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/", "tags": ["Mandarin", "Sinological-IPA"]}, {"tags": ["Middle-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "pjuw"}, {"tags": ["Baxter-Sagart", "Old-Chinese"], "zh-pron": "/*pə/"}, {"tags": ["Old-Chinese", "Zhengzhang"], "zh-pron": "/*pɯ/"}, {"ipa": "/foʊ̯⁵⁵/"}, {"other": "/*pə/"}, {"other": "/*pɯ/"}], "word": "不"}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.