Wiktionary data extraction errors and warnings

self/English/noun

1: self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}
1: self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}

self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}

self (English noun) self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}

self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}

self (English noun) self/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}: {"antonyms": [{"topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"], "word": "nonself"}], "categories": ["English adjectives", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English nouns with irregular plurals", "English pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 6 entries", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf", "Rhymes:English/ɛlf/1 syllable", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Baluchi translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bhojpuri translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Cantonese translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hawaiian translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Javanese translations", "Terms with Kazakh translations", "Terms with Khakas translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Laki translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Manchu translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Southern Altai translations", "Terms with Southern Kurdish translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swahili translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Tibetan translations", "Terms with Tocharian A translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Tuvan translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Wu translations", "Terms with Yakut translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations"], "derived": [{"word": "note to self"}, {"word": "not-self"}, {"word": "self-abuse"}, {"word": "self-care"}, {"word": "self-centered"}, {"word": "self-contained"}, {"word": "selfdom"}, {"word": "selfhood"}, {"word": "self-hosted"}, {"word": "selfie"}, {"word": "selfish"}, {"word": "selfless"}, {"word": "selflike"}, {"word": "selfly"}, {"word": "selfness"}, {"word": "selfsame"}, {"word": "selfsameness"}, {"word": "selfship"}], "descendants": [{"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "ko", "2": "셀프", "bor": "1"}, "expansion": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)", "name": "desc"}], "text": "→ Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)"}, {"depth": 1, "templates": [{"args": {"1": "srn", "2": "srefi"}, "expansion": "Sranan Tongo: srefi", "name": "desc"}], "text": "Sranan Tongo: srefi"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Middle English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "self"}, "expansion": "Old English self", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*selbaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *selbaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "got", "2": "𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰"}, "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "selbst"}, "expansion": "German selbst", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "zelf"}, "expansion": "Dutch zelf", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.", "forms": [{"form": "selves", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfs", "tags": ["plural"]}, {"form": "selfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silf", "tags": ["alternative"]}, {"form": "silfe", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {"1": "selves", "2": "s"}, "expansion": "self (plural selves or selfs)", "name": "en-noun"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "related": [{"word": "self-"}, {"word": "person"}, {"word": "I"}, {"word": "ego"}], "senses": [{"examples": [{"ref": "2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7", "text": "John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences."}], "glosses": ["One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition."], "links": [["personality", "personality"], ["character", "character"], ["demeanor", "demeanor"], ["disposition", "disposition"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:", "text": "Portia:\nTo these injunctions every one doth swear\nThat comes to hazard for my worthless self.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:", "text": "Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts."], "links": [["subject", "subject"], ["experience", "experience"], ["phenomena", "phenomenon"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:", "text": "The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves)."], "links": [["person", "person"], ["reflective", "reflective"], ["consciousness", "consciousness"], ["selves", "selves"]]}, {"glosses": ["Self-interest or personal advantage."]}, {"glosses": ["Identity or personality."]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["selfs", "selfs#English"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs)."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["en:Botany"], "glosses": ["A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "links": [["botany", "botany"], ["flower", "flower"], ["uniform", "uniform"], ["variegated", "variegated"]], "raw_glosses": ["(botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated."], "topics": ["biology", "botany", "natural-sciences"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "en:Immunology", "en:Molecular biology"], "examples": [{"ref": "2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:", "text": "Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:", "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "links": [["molecular biology", "molecular biology"], ["immunology", "immunology"], ["organism", "organism"], ["nonself", "nonself#Adjective"], ["infective", "infective"], ["allogenic", "allogenic"], ["xenogenic", "xenogenic"]], "qualifier": "molecular biology", "raw_glosses": ["(molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic)."], "senseid": ["en:immunologic"], "topics": ["immunology", "medicine", "sciences"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/sɛlf/"}, {"ipa": "/sɛf/", "note": "Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated"}, {"audio": "en-us-self.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-self.ogg/En-us-self.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-self.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-ɛlf"}], "synonyms": [{"word": "cyberself"}, {"word": "herself"}, {"word": "himself"}, {"word": "itself"}, {"word": "myself"}, {"word": "non-self"}, {"word": "oneself"}, {"word": "one's self"}, {"word": "ourselves"}, {"word": "technoself"}, {"word": "themselves"}, {"word": "thyself"}, {"word": "yourself"}, {"word": "yourselves"}], "translations": [{"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "نَفْس"}, {"code": "arz", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "nafs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["Egyptian-Arabic", "feminine"], "word": "نفس"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "bal", "lang": "Baluchi", "roman": "wat", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وت"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "khōd", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "খোদ"}, {"code": "bho", "lang": "Bhojpuri", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "bcl", "lang": "Bikol Central", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sadiri"}, {"code": "yue", "lang": "Chinese Cantonese", "roman": "zi⁶ gei²", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìjǐ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "note": "(as a prefix) 自 (zì)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "zìwǒ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "wuu", "lang": "Wu Chinese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自家"}, {"code": "crh", "lang": "Crimean Tatar", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "özü"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "zelf"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "itse"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "soi-même"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "Selbst"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "eaftós", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "εαυτός"}, {"code": "haw", "lang": "Hawaiian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ponoʻī"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "étsem", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["singular", "singular-only"], "word": "עֶצֶם"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "khud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "खुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ख़ुद"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "svayã", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "naphs", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "नफ्स"}, {"code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "zāt", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "ज़ात"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "önvaló"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ipsa"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sendiri"}, {"code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "féin"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "stesso"}, {"alt": "じこ", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiko", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自己"}, {"alt": "じしん", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jíshin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自身"}, {"alt": "じが", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "jiga", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "自我"}, {"code": "jv", "lang": "Javanese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "dhéwé"}, {"code": "kk", "lang": "Kazakh", "roman": "öz", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "өз"}, {"code": "kjh", "lang": "Khakas", "roman": "pos", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "пос"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자신"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "jagijasin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "자기자신"}, {"code": "ckb", "lang": "Central Kurdish", "roman": "xo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خۆ"}, {"code": "lki", "lang": "Laki", "roman": "wij", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "وِژ"}, {"code": "kmr", "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xwe"}, {"code": "sdh", "lang": "Southern Kurdish", "roman": "xwe", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خوە"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "idem"}, {"code": "lv", "lang": "Latvian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "patība"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "pats"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["feminine"], "word": "pati"}, {"code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "sebstvo", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["neuter"], "word": "себство"}, {"code": "mnc", "lang": "Manchu", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ᠪᡝᠶ᠋ᡝ"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "whaiaro"}, {"code": "mr", "lang": "Marathi", "roman": "svataḥ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वतः"}, {"code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "selv"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sjølv"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "xod", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "si-próprio"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sebjá", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["accusative", "genitive"], "word": "себя́"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "note": "себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness"}, {"code": "ru", "english": "instrumental case", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "sobój", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "собо́й"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "svayaṃ", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "स्वयं"}, {"code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "ātmán", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "आत्मन्"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sebstvo"}, {"code": "alt", "lang": "Southern Altai", "roman": "ös", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ӧс"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "yo"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "topics": ["psychology", "human-sciences", "sciences"], "word": "ser"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "uno mismo"}, {"code": "sw", "lang": "Swahili", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "enyewe"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "själv"}, {"code": "tl", "lang": "Tagalog", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sarili"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "dtuua-dton", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ตัวตน"}, {"code": "th", "lang": "Thai", "roman": "àt-dtaa", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "อัตตา"}, {"code": "bo", "english": "rang nyid", "lang": "Tibetan", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "རང་ཉིད"}, {"code": "xto", "lang": "Tocharian A", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñcäm"}, {"code": "txb", "lang": "Tocharian B", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "āñme"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "kendi"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "öz"}, {"code": "tyv", "lang": "Tuvan", "roman": "bot", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бот"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "sam", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "сам"}, {"code": "ur", "lang": "Urdu", "roman": "xud", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "خود"}, {"code": "vi", "lang": "Vietnamese", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "bản thân"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "tags": ["masculine"], "word": "hunan"}, {"code": "fy", "lang": "West Frisian", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "sels"}, {"code": "sah", "lang": "Yakut", "roman": "beye", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "бэйэ"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "xo (diq)"}, {"code": "zza", "lang": "Zazaki", "sense": "individual person as the object of own reflective consciousness", "word": "ho (diq)"}], "wikipedia": ["self"], "word": "self"}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.