See croen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "epicarp",
"translation": "epicarp",
"word": "argroen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "thick-skinned",
"translation": "thick-skinned",
"word": "croengaled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "goose bumps",
"translation": "goose bumps",
"word": "croen gŵydd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "coltsfoot",
"translation": "coltsfoot",
"word": "croen y tarw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "made of skin, cutaneous",
"translation": "made of skin, cutaneous",
"word": "croenaidd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "thin-skinned",
"translation": "thin-skinned",
"word": "croendenau"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "dark-skinned",
"translation": "dark-skinned",
"word": "croenddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "made of skin; thick-skinned",
"translation": "made of skin; thick-skinned",
"word": "croeniog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "fair-skinned",
"translation": "fair-skinned",
"word": "croenlan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "dermis",
"translation": "dermis",
"word": "gwirgroen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "subcutaneous",
"translation": "subcutaneous",
"word": "isgroenol"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "epidermis",
"translation": "epidermis",
"word": "uwchgroen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "groen"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh groen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*krʉn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kroknom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kroknom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "kroghen"
},
"expansion": "Cornish kroghen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcb",
"2": "*groon"
},
"expansion": "Cumbric *groon",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "kroc'hen"
},
"expansion": "Breton kroc'hen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "croiccenn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish croiccenn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)ker-",
"4": "",
"5": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut off”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Welsh groen, from Proto-Brythonic *krʉn, from Proto-Celtic *kroknom, syncope of *krokkenom (compare Cornish kroghen, Cumbric *groon, Breton kroc'hen, Old Irish croiccenn), of unknown origin. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut off”), although this gave corwg and ysgaru.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crwyn",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "croen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "groen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghroen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chroen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-",
"pl2": "crwyn"
},
"expansion": "croen m (usually uncountable, plural crwyn)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "cy:Anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"skin"
],
"id": "en-croen-cy-noun-KgBw0BS8",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) skin"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hide, pelt"
],
"id": "en-croen-cy-noun-Z3wyyC2c",
"links": [
[
"hide",
"hide"
],
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 5 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rind, peel"
],
"id": "en-croen-cy-noun-ZJJPIS0p",
"links": [
[
"rind",
"rind"
],
[
"peel",
"peel"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kroːɨ̯n/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/krɔi̯n/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kroːn/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"audio": "Cy-croen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cy-croen.ogg/Cy-croen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Cy-croen.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-oːɨ̯n"
}
],
"word": "croen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/oːɨ̯n",
"Rhymes:Welsh/oːɨ̯n/1 syllable",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh masculine nouns",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh uncountable nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "epicarp",
"translation": "epicarp",
"word": "argroen"
},
{
"english": "thick-skinned",
"translation": "thick-skinned",
"word": "croengaled"
},
{
"english": "goose bumps",
"translation": "goose bumps",
"word": "croen gŵydd"
},
{
"english": "coltsfoot",
"translation": "coltsfoot",
"word": "croen y tarw"
},
{
"english": "made of skin, cutaneous",
"translation": "made of skin, cutaneous",
"word": "croenaidd"
},
{
"english": "thin-skinned",
"translation": "thin-skinned",
"word": "croendenau"
},
{
"english": "dark-skinned",
"translation": "dark-skinned",
"word": "croenddu"
},
{
"english": "made of skin; thick-skinned",
"translation": "made of skin; thick-skinned",
"word": "croeniog"
},
{
"english": "fair-skinned",
"translation": "fair-skinned",
"word": "croenlan"
},
{
"english": "dermis",
"translation": "dermis",
"word": "gwirgroen"
},
{
"english": "subcutaneous",
"translation": "subcutaneous",
"word": "isgroenol"
},
{
"english": "epidermis",
"translation": "epidermis",
"word": "uwchgroen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "groen"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh groen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*krʉn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kroknom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kroknom",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "kroghen"
},
"expansion": "Cornish kroghen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcb",
"2": "*groon"
},
"expansion": "Cumbric *groon",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "kroc'hen"
},
"expansion": "Breton kroc'hen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "croiccenn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish croiccenn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)ker-",
"4": "",
"5": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut off”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Welsh groen, from Proto-Brythonic *krʉn, from Proto-Celtic *kroknom, syncope of *krokkenom (compare Cornish kroghen, Cumbric *groon, Breton kroc'hen, Old Irish croiccenn), of unknown origin. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut off”), although this gave corwg and ysgaru.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crwyn",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "croen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "groen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghroen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chroen",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-",
"pl2": "crwyn"
},
"expansion": "croen m (usually uncountable, plural crwyn)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"cy:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"skin"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) skin"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hide, pelt"
],
"links": [
[
"hide",
"hide"
],
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rind, peel"
],
"links": [
[
"rind",
"rind"
],
[
"peel",
"peel"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kroːɨ̯n/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/krɔi̯n/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kroːn/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"audio": "Cy-croen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Cy-croen.ogg/Cy-croen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Cy-croen.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-oːɨ̯n"
}
],
"word": "croen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for croen meaning in Welsh (4.4kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: croen/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"croen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "croen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: croen/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"croen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "croen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: croen/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"croen"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "croen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"croen",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "",
"title": "croen",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 591662900<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 18:24:34 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"croen",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "",
"title": "croen",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 569684558<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 18:25:29 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.