cộng hoà in Vietnamese

IPA: [kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩] [Hà-Nội], [kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩] [Huế], [kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩] [Hồ-Chí-Minh-City] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”), from Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”), from Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”). In other East Asian languages, 共和 (gònghé, “republican”) alone is an attributive form, effectively adjectival in meaning and syntax; the proper words for "republican country/state" are Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó), Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku) and Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk). While historical evidence (in the Bamboo Annals and Tsinghua Bamboo Slips) indicates that 共和 describes the Gonghe Regency, the single rule by the Earl of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和), 共和 is incorrectly interpreted as joint rule by ducal ministers in the absence of a king (e.g. by Sima Qian). The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”). Etymology templates: {{m|vi|共和}} 共和, {{m|vi|共|t=to join}} 共 (“to join”), {{m|vi|和|t=to harmonize}} 和 (“to harmonize”), {{categorize|vi|Sino-Vietnamese words}}, {{vi-etym-sino|共|to join|和|to harmonize}} Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”), {{bor|vi|ja|共和||republican|tr=kyōwa, kyōka}} Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”), {{der|vi|lzh|共和|lit=cooperation and harmony}} Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”), {{m|zh|共和||republican}} 共和 (gònghé, “republican”), {{cog|cmn|共和國|共和國}} Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó), {{cog|ja|共和国|共和国|tr=kyōwakoku}} Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku), {{cog|ko|공화국|공화국}} Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk), {{zh-l|共和*}} 共和, {{lang|zh|共伯}} 共伯, {{lang|zh|和}} 和, {{zh-l|共和*}} 共和, {{m|ja|共和政治州|lit=the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government|tr=Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū}} 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”), {{m|ja|共和}} 共和, {{m|en|commonwealth}} commonwealth, {{m|en|republic}} republic, {{m|en|democracy}} democracy, {{ncog|en|republican}} English republican, {{ncog|zh|民主}} Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), {{ncog|vi|dân chủ||democracy}} Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”) Head templates: {{head|vi|noun|||head=|tr=}} cộng hoà, {{vi-noun}} cộng hoà

Alternative forms

[Show JSON for post-processed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for post-processed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "共和"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "共",
        "t": "to join"
      },
      "expansion": "共 (“to join”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "和",
        "t": "to harmonize"
      },
      "expansion": "和 (“to harmonize”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "categorize"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共",
        "2": "to join",
        "3": "和",
        "4": "to harmonize"
      },
      "expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”)",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "ja",
        "3": "共和",
        "4": "",
        "5": "republican",
        "tr": "kyōwa, kyōka"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "lzh",
        "3": "共和",
        "lit": "cooperation and harmony"
      },
      "expansion": "Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "共和",
        "3": "",
        "4": "republican"
      },
      "expansion": "共和 (gònghé, “republican”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "共和國",
        "3": "共和國"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和国",
        "3": "共和国",
        "tr": "kyōwakoku"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공화국",
        "3": "공화국"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共和*"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "共伯"
      },
      "expansion": "共伯",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "和"
      },
      "expansion": "和",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共和*"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和政治州",
        "lit": "the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government",
        "tr": "Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū"
      },
      "expansion": "共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "commonwealth"
      },
      "expansion": "commonwealth",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "republic"
      },
      "expansion": "republic",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "democracy"
      },
      "expansion": "democracy",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "republican"
      },
      "expansion": "English republican",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "民主"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "dân chủ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "democracy"
      },
      "expansion": "Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”), from Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”), from Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”). In other East Asian languages, 共和 (gònghé, “republican”) alone is an attributive form, effectively adjectival in meaning and syntax; the proper words for \"republican country/state\" are Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó), Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku) and Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk). While historical evidence (in the Bamboo Annals and Tsinghua Bamboo Slips) indicates that 共和 describes the Gonghe Regency, the single rule by the Earl of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和), 共和 is incorrectly interpreted as joint rule by ducal ministers in the absence of a king (e.g. by Sima Qian). The idea of \"government without a king\" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cộng hoà",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cộng hoà",
      "name": "vi-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mandarin links with redundant target parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant target parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sino-Vietnamese words",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Forms of government",
          "orig": "vi:Forms of government",
          "parents": [
            "Government",
            "Politics",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a republic"
      ],
      "id": "en-cộng_hoà-vi-noun-VLmiT2N5",
      "links": [
        [
          "republic",
          "republic"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "cộng-hoà"
        },
        {
          "word": "cộng hòa"
        },
        {
          "word": "cộng-hòa"
        }
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Bamboo Annals",
        "Gonghe Regency",
        "Records of the Grand Historian",
        "Sima Qian",
        "Tsinghua Bamboo Slips",
        "ja:箕作省吾",
        "vi:cộng hoà"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "cộng hoà"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "共和"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "共",
        "t": "to join"
      },
      "expansion": "共 (“to join”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "和",
        "t": "to harmonize"
      },
      "expansion": "和 (“to harmonize”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "categorize"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共",
        "2": "to join",
        "3": "和",
        "4": "to harmonize"
      },
      "expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”)",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "ja",
        "3": "共和",
        "4": "",
        "5": "republican",
        "tr": "kyōwa, kyōka"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "lzh",
        "3": "共和",
        "lit": "cooperation and harmony"
      },
      "expansion": "Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "共和",
        "3": "",
        "4": "republican"
      },
      "expansion": "共和 (gònghé, “republican”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cmn",
        "2": "共和國",
        "3": "共和國"
      },
      "expansion": "Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和国",
        "3": "共和国",
        "tr": "kyōwakoku"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공화국",
        "3": "공화국"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共和*"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "共伯"
      },
      "expansion": "共伯",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "和"
      },
      "expansion": "和",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "共和*"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和政治州",
        "lit": "the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government",
        "tr": "Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū"
      },
      "expansion": "共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "共和"
      },
      "expansion": "共和",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "commonwealth"
      },
      "expansion": "commonwealth",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "republic"
      },
      "expansion": "republic",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "democracy"
      },
      "expansion": "democracy",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "republican"
      },
      "expansion": "English republican",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "民主"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "dân chủ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "democracy"
      },
      "expansion": "Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”), from Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”), from Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”). In other East Asian languages, 共和 (gònghé, “republican”) alone is an attributive form, effectively adjectival in meaning and syntax; the proper words for \"republican country/state\" are Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó), Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku) and Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk). While historical evidence (in the Bamboo Annals and Tsinghua Bamboo Slips) indicates that 共和 describes the Gonghe Regency, the single rule by the Earl of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和), 共和 is incorrectly interpreted as joint rule by ducal ministers in the absence of a king (e.g. by Sima Qian). The idea of \"government without a king\" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cộng hoà",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cộng hoà",
      "name": "vi-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Japanese links with redundant target parameters",
        "Korean links with redundant target parameters",
        "Mandarin links with redundant target parameters",
        "Sino-Vietnamese words",
        "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Vietnamese lemmas",
        "Vietnamese nouns",
        "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
        "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Japanese",
        "Vietnamese terms derived from Japanese",
        "Vietnamese terms derived from Literary Chinese",
        "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "vi:Forms of government"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a republic"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "republic",
          "republic"
        ]
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Bamboo Annals",
        "Gonghe Regency",
        "Records of the Grand Historian",
        "Sima Qian",
        "Tsinghua Bamboo Slips",
        "ja:箕作省吾",
        "vi:cộng hoà"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hồ-Chí-Minh-City"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "cộng-hoà"
    },
    {
      "word": "cộng hòa"
    },
    {
      "word": "cộng-hòa"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cộng hoà"
}

"cộng hoà" meaning in Vietnamese

Noun

Alternative forms