See chunga in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
"args": {
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"2": "i",
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{
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{
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"g3": "",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to look after, to herd”)",
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{
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{
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "wni",
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"3": "-tsunga",
"4": "to raise, to rear animals"
},
"expansion": "Ndzwani Comorian -tsunga (“to raise, to rear animals”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pkb",
"2": "tsungia",
"3": "-tsungia"
},
"expansion": "Kipfokomo -tsungia",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to look after, to herd”), from Proto-Bantu *-cùnga. From the same root as -tunza. Cognate with Ndzwani Comorian -tsunga (“to raise, to rear animals”) and the root of Kipfokomo -tsungia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-chunga",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
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}
],
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{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-chunga (infinitive kuchunga)",
"name": "sw-verb"
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],
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swahili entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "priest",
"sense": "Nominal derivations",
"translation": "priest",
"word": "mchungaji"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to protect, guard, herd animals"
],
"id": "en-chunga-sw-verb-Ud9~I1P-",
"links": [
[
"protect",
"protect"
],
[
"guard",
"guard"
],
[
"herd",
"herd"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-tunza"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sw-ke-chunga.flac",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.ogg"
}
],
"word": "chunga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
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{
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"g3": "",
"id": "",
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"expansion": "Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to winnow”)",
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{
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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"2": "tsunga",
"3": "-tsunga"
},
"expansion": "Giryama -tsunga",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to winnow”), from Common Bantu *-cʊ̀nga. Cognate with Ngazidja Comorian -tsunga and Giryama -tsunga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-chunga",
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]
},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kutochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "chunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "chungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "huchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"habitual"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -lichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ninachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tunachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "unachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mnachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "anachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wanachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sichungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hatuchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "huchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hachungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"negative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hawachungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"negative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -chungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -tachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -tachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nichunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "uchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "mchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "achunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -chunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -sichunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -ngechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -singechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"negative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -ngalichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -singalichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"gnomic",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"gnomic",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gnomic",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gnomic",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "achunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "chachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "vyachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -mechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -meshachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"already-form"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -jachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"not-yet-form"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -kichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"if-when-form"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -sipochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"if-not-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kachunga / positive subject concord + -kachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"consecutive"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -kachunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"consecutive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-nichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-mchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-uchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-lichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-vichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-zichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-uchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-pachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-muchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-jichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -chunga- + relative marker)",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungaye",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungalo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungacho",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungavyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungazo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungako",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungapo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungamo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -chunga)",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-vyochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-zochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-kochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-pochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-mochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-chunga (infinitive kuchunga)",
"name": "sw-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sw-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "sieve, filter",
"sense": "Nominal derivations",
"translation": "sieve, filter",
"word": "kichungi"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to sieve, sift, winnow"
],
"id": "en-chunga-sw-verb-l5HMcgK9",
"links": [
[
"sieve",
"sieve"
],
[
"sift",
"sift"
],
[
"winnow",
"winnow"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sw-ke-chunga.flac",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.ogg"
}
],
"word": "chunga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swahili entries with incorrect language header",
"Swahili lemmas",
"Swahili terms derived from Common Bantu",
"Swahili terms derived from Proto-Bantu",
"Swahili terms derived from Proto-Sabaki",
"Swahili terms derived from the Proto-Bantu root *-cùng-",
"Swahili terms derived from the Proto-Bantu root *-cʊ̀ng-",
"Swahili terms inherited from Common Bantu",
"Swahili terms inherited from Proto-Bantu",
"Swahili terms inherited from Proto-Sabaki",
"Swahili verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "priest",
"sense": "Nominal derivations",
"translation": "priest",
"word": "mchungaji"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-pro",
"3": "*-cùng-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-sab-pro",
"3": "*cunga<alt:*-cunga><id:herd><t:to look after, to herd>",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to look after, to herd”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-sab-pro",
"3": "*cunga<alt:*-cunga><id:herd><t:to look after, to herd>"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to look after, to herd”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-pro",
"3": "*-cùnga"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bantu *-cùnga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wni",
"2": "tsunga",
"3": "-tsunga",
"4": "to raise, to rear animals"
},
"expansion": "Ndzwani Comorian -tsunga (“to raise, to rear animals”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pkb",
"2": "tsungia",
"3": "-tsungia"
},
"expansion": "Kipfokomo -tsungia",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to look after, to herd”), from Proto-Bantu *-cùnga. From the same root as -tunza. Cognate with Ndzwani Comorian -tsunga (“to raise, to rear animals”) and the root of Kipfokomo -tsungia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-chunga",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-chunga (infinitive kuchunga)",
"name": "sw-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "-tunza"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to protect, guard, herd animals"
],
"links": [
[
"protect",
"protect"
],
[
"guard",
"guard"
],
[
"herd",
"herd"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sw-ke-chunga.flac",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.ogg"
}
],
"word": "chunga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swahili entries with incorrect language header",
"Swahili lemmas",
"Swahili terms derived from Common Bantu",
"Swahili terms derived from Proto-Bantu",
"Swahili terms derived from Proto-Sabaki",
"Swahili terms derived from the Proto-Bantu root *-cʊ̀ng-",
"Swahili terms inherited from Common Bantu",
"Swahili terms inherited from Proto-Sabaki",
"Swahili verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "sieve, filter",
"sense": "Nominal derivations",
"translation": "sieve, filter",
"word": "kichungi"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-pro",
"3": "*-cʊ̀ng-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-sab-pro",
"3": "*cunga<alt:*-cunga><id:winnow><t:to winnow>",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to winnow”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-sab-pro",
"3": "*cunga<alt:*-cunga><id:winnow><t:to winnow>"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to winnow”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sw",
"2": "bnt-cmn",
"3": "*-cʊ̀nga"
},
"expansion": "Common Bantu *-cʊ̀nga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zdj",
"2": "tsunga",
"3": "-tsunga"
},
"expansion": "Ngazidja Comorian -tsunga",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nyf",
"2": "tsunga",
"3": "-tsunga"
},
"expansion": "Giryama -tsunga",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-cunga (“to winnow”), from Common Bantu *-cʊ̀nga. Cognate with Ngazidja Comorian -tsunga and Giryama -tsunga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-chunga",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "kutochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "chunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "chungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "huchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"habitual"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -lichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ninachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tunachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "unachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mnachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "anachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wanachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "sichungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hatuchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "huchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamchungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hachungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"negative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hawachungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"negative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -chungi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -tachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -tachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nichunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "uchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "mchunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "achunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -chunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -sichunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -ngechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -singechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"negative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -ngalichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -singalichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "nachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"gnomic",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"gnomic",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gnomic",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "mwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gnomic",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "achunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "chachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "vyachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"gnomic",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "pachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "mwachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"gnomic",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -mechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -meshachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"already-form"
]
},
{
"form": "negative subject concord + -jachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"not-yet-form"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -kichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"if-when-form"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -sipochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"if-not-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kachunga / positive subject concord + -kachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"consecutive"
]
},
{
"form": "positive subject concord + -kachunge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"consecutive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-nichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachungeni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-mchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-wachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-uchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-lichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-yachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-vichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-zichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-uchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-kuchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-pachunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-muchunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-jichunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"object-concord",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -chunga- + relative marker)",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungaye",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungalo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungacho",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungavyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungayo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungazo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungao",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungako",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungapo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-chungamo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -chunga)",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yechunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"class-2",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-3",
"class-4",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-5",
"class-6",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-chochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-vyochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-7",
"class-8",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-zochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-10",
"class-9",
"object-concord",
"plural",
"relative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-11",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-kochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-15",
"class-17",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-pochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-16",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-mochunga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class-18",
"object-concord",
"relative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sw-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"object-concord",
"relative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-chunga (infinitive kuchunga)",
"name": "sw-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sw-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sieve, sift, winnow"
],
"links": [
[
"sieve",
"sieve"
],
[
"sift",
"sift"
],
[
"winnow",
"winnow"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Sw-ke-chunga.flac",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sw-ke-chunga.flac/Sw-ke-chunga.flac.ogg"
}
],
"word": "chunga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for chunga meaning in Swahili (20.2kB)
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"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 4530342<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:25:03 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chunga",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Swahili",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 1071001288<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:25:58 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chunga",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Swahili",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 10166263<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:26:53 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chunga",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Swahili",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 8267337<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:27:48 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chunga",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Swahili",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 16880454<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:28:43 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chunga",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Swahili",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chunga",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 1069627956<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 22 Apr 2026 10:29:39 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Swahili dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-04-01 using wiktextract (7de0cf9 and 9452535). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.