"жар" meaning in Russian

See жар in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ʐar] Audio: Ru-жар.ogg
Rhymes: -ar Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ, perhaps together with жара́ (žará) from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun), from *gʷʰer- (“heat, hot”). Etymology templates: {{root|ru|ine-pro|*gʷʰer-}}, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|ru|sla-pro|*žārъ|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Proto-Slavic *žārъ, {{inh+|ru|sla-pro|*žārъ}} Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ, {{inh|ru|ine-pro|*gʷʰēr-||heat|pos=root noun}} Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun) Head templates: {{ru-noun+|dim=жаро́к|loc=в +|n=sg}} жар • (žar) m inan (genitive жа́ра, uncountable, diminutive жаро́к) Forms: žar [romanization], жа́ра [genitive], жаро́к [diminutive], no-table-tags [table-tags], жа́р [nominative, singular], жа́ра [genitive, singular], жа́ру [dative, singular], жа́р [accusative, singular], жа́ром [instrumental, singular], жа́ре [prepositional, singular], в жару́ [locative, singular]
  1. heat Tags: uncountable
    Sense id: en-жар-ru-noun-WioO2ao6 Categories (other): Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with locative singular Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 23 27 23 27 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with locative singular: 22 31 22 25
  2. ardour Tags: uncountable
    Sense id: en-жар-ru-noun-02s6~B0Y Categories (other): Pages with entries, Russian entries with incorrect language header, Russian links with redundant alt parameters, Russian links with redundant wikilinks, Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with locative singular Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 24 1 6 0 5 0 1 0 1 24 23 0 12 0 0 0 0 Disambiguation of Russian entries with incorrect language header: 2 94 2 2 Disambiguation of Russian links with redundant alt parameters: 2 93 2 2 Disambiguation of Russian links with redundant wikilinks: 2 93 2 3 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 23 27 23 27 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with locative singular: 22 31 22 25
  3. fever, high temperature Tags: uncountable
    Sense id: en-жар-ru-noun-3pbDFEnE Categories (other): Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with locative singular Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 23 27 23 27 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with locative singular: 22 31 22 25
  4. embers Tags: uncountable Categories (topical): Fire
    Sense id: en-жар-ru-noun-axQUkxK4 Disambiguation of Fire: 2 33 2 64 Categories (other): Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with locative singular Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 23 27 23 27 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with locative singular: 22 31 22 25
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: жар-пти́ца (žar-ptíca), жара́ (žará), жа́рить (žáritʹ), жа́ркий (žárkij), жа́рко (žárko), жарко́е (žarkóje), жаро- (žaro-), жаро́вня (žaróvnja), жаровой (žarovoj), чужи́ми рука́ми жар загреба́ть (čužími rukámi žar zagrebátʹ) Related terms: горе́ть (gorétʹ), греть (gretʹ), гарь (garʹ), горн (gorn), го́ре (góre), го́рький (górʹkij)

Inflected forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žar-ptíca",
      "word": "жар-пти́ца"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žará",
      "word": "жара́"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žáritʹ",
      "word": "жа́рить"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žárkij",
      "word": "жа́ркий"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žárko",
      "word": "жа́рко"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žarkóje",
      "word": "жарко́е"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žaro-",
      "word": "жаро-"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žaróvnja",
      "word": "жаро́вня"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "žarovoj",
      "word": "жаровой"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "čužími rukámi žar zagrebátʹ",
      "word": "чужи́ми рука́ми жар загреба́ть"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "izh",
            "2": "žaaru",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ingrian: žaaru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ingrian: žaaru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sjd",
            "2": "жоарр",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Kildin Sami: жоарр (žårr)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Kildin Sami: жоарр (žårr)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*žārъ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *žārъ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*žārъ"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷʰēr-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "heat",
        "pos": "root noun"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ, perhaps together with жара́ (žará) from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun), from *gʷʰer- (“heat, hot”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "žar",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ра",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жаро́к",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́р",
      "roman": "žár",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ра",
      "roman": "žára",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ру",
      "roman": "žáru",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́р",
      "roman": "žár",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ром",
      "roman": "žárom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ре",
      "roman": "žáre",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "в жару́",
      "roman": "v žarú",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "dim": "жаро́к",
        "loc": "в +",
        "n": "sg"
      },
      "expansion": "жар • (žar) m inan (genitive жа́ра, uncountable, diminutive жаро́к)",
      "name": "ru-noun+"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Russian",
  "lang_code": "ru",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "gorétʹ",
      "word": "горе́ть"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "gretʹ",
      "word": "греть"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "garʹ",
      "word": "гарь"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "gorn",
      "word": "горн"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "góre",
      "word": "го́ре"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "górʹkij",
      "word": "го́рький"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "23 27 23 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 31 22 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with locative singular",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "heat"
      ],
      "id": "en-жар-ru-noun-WioO2ao6",
      "links": [
        [
          "heat",
          "heat"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 1 6 0 5 0 1 0 1 24 23 0 12 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 94 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 93 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 93 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 27 23 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 31 22 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with locative singular",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ardour"
      ],
      "id": "en-жар-ru-noun-02s6~B0Y",
      "links": [
        [
          "ardour",
          "ardour"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "23 27 23 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 31 22 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with locative singular",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"I can't sleep,\" said the bishop, sitting up. \"I must be unwell. And what it is I don't know. Fever!\"",
          "ref": "1902, Антон Чехов [Anton Chekhov], chapter I, in Архиерей; English translation from Constance Garnett, transl., The Bishop, 1919:",
          "roman": "— Ne spítsja mne, — skazál preosvjaščénnyj, sadjásʹ. — Nezdoróv ja, dolžnó bytʹ. I što onó takóje? ne znáju. Žar!",
          "text": "— Не спи́тся мне, — сказа́л преосвяще́нный, садя́сь. — Нездоро́в я, должно́ быть. И что оно́ тако́е? не зна́ю. Жар!",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "fever, high temperature"
      ],
      "id": "en-жар-ru-noun-3pbDFEnE",
      "links": [
        [
          "fever",
          "fever"
        ],
        [
          "temperature",
          "temperature"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "23 27 23 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 31 22 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with locative singular",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 33 2 64",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ru",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "ru:Fire",
          "parents": [
            "Combustion",
            "Light sources",
            "Chemical processes",
            "Light",
            "Nature",
            "Energy",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "embers"
      ],
      "id": "en-жар-ru-noun-axQUkxK4",
      "links": [
        [
          "embers",
          "embers"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ʐar]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Ru-жар.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ar"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Rick Derksen"
  ],
  "word": "жар"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 7 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Russian/ar",
    "Rhymes:Russian/ar/1 syllable",
    "Russian 1-syllable words",
    "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns",
    "Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns",
    "Russian inanimate nouns",
    "Russian lemmas",
    "Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Russian masculine nouns",
    "Russian nouns",
    "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
    "Russian nouns with locative singular",
    "Russian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
    "Russian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰer-",
    "Russian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
    "Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Russian terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Russian uncountable nouns",
    "ru:Fire",
    "sh:Fire"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "žar-ptíca",
      "word": "жар-пти́ца"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žará",
      "word": "жара́"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žáritʹ",
      "word": "жа́рить"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žárkij",
      "word": "жа́ркий"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žárko",
      "word": "жа́рко"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žarkóje",
      "word": "жарко́е"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žaro-",
      "word": "жаро-"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žaróvnja",
      "word": "жаро́вня"
    },
    {
      "roman": "žarovoj",
      "word": "жаровой"
    },
    {
      "roman": "čužími rukámi žar zagrebátʹ",
      "word": "чужи́ми рука́ми жар загреба́ть"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "izh",
            "2": "žaaru",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ingrian: žaaru",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ingrian: žaaru"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sjd",
            "2": "жоарр",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Kildin Sami: жоарр (žårr)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Kildin Sami: жоарр (žårr)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*žārъ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *žārъ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*žārъ"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʷʰēr-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "heat",
        "pos": "root noun"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *žārъ, perhaps together with жара́ (žará) from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēr- (“heat”, root noun), from *gʷʰer- (“heat, hot”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "žar",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ра",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жаро́к",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́р",
      "roman": "žár",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ра",
      "roman": "žára",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ру",
      "roman": "žáru",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́р",
      "roman": "žár",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ром",
      "roman": "žárom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "жа́ре",
      "roman": "žáre",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "в жару́",
      "roman": "v žarú",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "dim": "жаро́к",
        "loc": "в +",
        "n": "sg"
      },
      "expansion": "жар • (žar) m inan (genitive жа́ра, uncountable, diminutive жаро́к)",
      "name": "ru-noun+"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Russian",
  "lang_code": "ru",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "gorétʹ",
      "word": "горе́ть"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gretʹ",
      "word": "греть"
    },
    {
      "roman": "garʹ",
      "word": "гарь"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gorn",
      "word": "горн"
    },
    {
      "roman": "góre",
      "word": "го́ре"
    },
    {
      "roman": "górʹkij",
      "word": "го́рький"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "heat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "heat",
          "heat"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "ardour"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ardour",
          "ardour"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Russian terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"I can't sleep,\" said the bishop, sitting up. \"I must be unwell. And what it is I don't know. Fever!\"",
          "ref": "1902, Антон Чехов [Anton Chekhov], chapter I, in Архиерей; English translation from Constance Garnett, transl., The Bishop, 1919:",
          "roman": "— Ne spítsja mne, — skazál preosvjaščénnyj, sadjásʹ. — Nezdoróv ja, dolžnó bytʹ. I što onó takóje? ne znáju. Žar!",
          "text": "— Не спи́тся мне, — сказа́л преосвяще́нный, садя́сь. — Нездоро́в я, должно́ быть. И что оно́ тако́е? не зна́ю. Жар!",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "fever, high temperature"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fever",
          "fever"
        ],
        [
          "temperature",
          "temperature"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "embers"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "embers",
          "embers"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ʐar]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Ru-жар.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ar"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Rick Derksen"
  ],
  "word": "жар"
}

Download raw JSONL data for жар meaning in Russian (5.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Russian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.