"гривна" meaning in Russian

See гривна in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: [ˈɡrʲivnə]
Etymology: From гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”), derived from Proto-Slavic *griva. Etymology templates: {{m|ru|гри́ва||mane, neck}} гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”), {{der|ru|sla-pro|*griva}} Proto-Slavic *griva Head templates: {{ru-noun+|гри́вна|*}} гри́вна • (grívna) f inan (genitive гри́вны, nominative plural гри́вны, genitive plural гри́вен) Forms: гри́вна [canonical], grívna [romanization], гри́вны [genitive], гри́вны [nominative, plural], гри́вен [genitive, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], гри́вна [nominative, singular], гри́вны [nominative, plural], гри́вны [genitive, singular], гри́вен [genitive, plural], гри́вне [dative, singular], гри́внам [dative, plural], гри́вну [accusative, singular], гри́вны [accusative, plural], гри́вной [instrumental, singular], гри́вною [instrumental, singular], гри́внами [instrumental, plural], гри́вне [prepositional, singular], гри́внах [plural, prepositional], no-table-tags [table-tags], гри́вна [dated, nominative, singular], гри́вны [dated, nominative, plural], гри́вны [dated, genitive, singular], гри́венъ [dated, genitive, plural], гри́внѣ [dated, dative, singular], гри́внамъ [dated, dative, plural], гри́вну [accusative, dated, singular], гри́вны [accusative, dated, plural], гри́вной [dated, instrumental, singular], гри́вною [dated, instrumental, singular], гри́внами [dated, instrumental, plural], гри́внѣ [dated, prepositional, singular], гри́внахъ [dated, plural, prepositional]
  1. (historical) grivna (unit of currency and weight in in medieval Rus) Tags: historical Categories (topical): Currency
    Sense id: en-гривна-ru-noun-DVg88hwR Disambiguation of Currency: 42 24 34 Categories (other): Russian entries with incorrect language header, Russian links with redundant wikilinks, Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with reducible stem Disambiguation of Russian entries with incorrect language header: 31 33 36 Disambiguation of Russian links with redundant wikilinks: 31 38 31 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 35 41 24 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with reducible stem: 37 39 24
  2. (obsolete) ten-copeck coin Tags: obsolete Categories (topical): Currency
    Sense id: en-гривна-ru-noun-oMMgDWSG Disambiguation of Currency: 42 24 34 Categories (other): Russian entries with incorrect language header, Russian links with redundant wikilinks, Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with reducible stem Disambiguation of Russian entries with incorrect language header: 31 33 36 Disambiguation of Russian links with redundant wikilinks: 31 38 31 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 35 41 24 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with reducible stem: 37 39 24
  3. hryvnia, hryvna, grivna (the currency of Ukraine) Categories (topical): Currency
    Sense id: en-гривна-ru-noun--8Fq2KK8 Disambiguation of Currency: 42 24 34 Categories (other): Russian entries with incorrect language header, Russian links with redundant wikilinks, Russian nouns with accent pattern a, Russian nouns with reducible stem Disambiguation of Russian entries with incorrect language header: 31 33 36 Disambiguation of Russian links with redundant wikilinks: 31 38 31 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with accent pattern a: 35 41 24 Disambiguation of Russian nouns with reducible stem: 37 39 24
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: гри́венник (grívennik), гри́венный (grívennyj)

Download JSON data for гривна meaning in Russian (7.9kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "гри́ва",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mane, neck"
      },
      "expansion": "гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*griva"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *griva",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”), derived from Proto-Slavic *griva.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grívna",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вен",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "roman": "grívna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вен",
      "roman": "gríven",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вне",
      "roman": "grívne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внам",
      "roman": "grívnam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вну",
      "roman": "grívnu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вной",
      "roman": "grívnoj",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вною",
      "roman": "grívnoju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внами",
      "roman": "grívnami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вне",
      "roman": "grívne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внах",
      "roman": "grívnax",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "prepositional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "roman": "grívna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́венъ",
      "roman": "gríven",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внѣ",
      "roman": "grívně",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внамъ",
      "roman": "grívnam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вну",
      "roman": "grívnu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dated",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dated",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вной",
      "roman": "grívnoj",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вною",
      "roman": "grívnoju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внами",
      "roman": "grívnami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внѣ",
      "roman": "grívně",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внахъ",
      "roman": "grívnax",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "plural",
        "prepositional"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "гри́вна",
        "2": "*"
      },
      "expansion": "гри́вна • (grívna) f inan (genitive гри́вны, nominative plural гри́вны, genitive plural гри́вен)",
      "name": "ru-noun+"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Russian",
  "lang_code": "ru",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "grívennik",
      "word": "гри́венник"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "grívennyj",
      "word": "гри́венный"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 33 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 38 31",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 41 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 39 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with reducible stem",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 24 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ru",
          "name": "Currency",
          "orig": "ru:Currency",
          "parents": [
            "Money",
            "Business",
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "grivna (unit of currency and weight in in medieval Rus)"
      ],
      "id": "en-гривна-ru-noun-DVg88hwR",
      "links": [
        [
          "grivna",
          "grivna"
        ],
        [
          "medieval",
          "medieval#English"
        ],
        [
          "Rus",
          "Rus#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) grivna (unit of currency and weight in in medieval Rus)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 33 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 38 31",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 41 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 39 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with reducible stem",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 24 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ru",
          "name": "Currency",
          "orig": "ru:Currency",
          "parents": [
            "Money",
            "Business",
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ten-copeck coin"
      ],
      "id": "en-гривна-ru-noun-oMMgDWSG",
      "links": [
        [
          "ten",
          "ten"
        ],
        [
          "copeck",
          "copeck"
        ],
        [
          "coin",
          "coin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) ten-copeck coin"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 33 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 38 31",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 41 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 39 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Russian nouns with reducible stem",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 24 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ru",
          "name": "Currency",
          "orig": "ru:Currency",
          "parents": [
            "Money",
            "Business",
            "Economics",
            "Society",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hryvnia, hryvna, grivna (the currency of Ukraine)"
      ],
      "id": "en-гривна-ru-noun--8Fq2KK8",
      "links": [
        [
          "hryvnia",
          "hryvnia"
        ],
        [
          "hryvna",
          "hryvna"
        ],
        [
          "grivna",
          "grivna"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɡrʲivnə]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "ru:гривна"
  ],
  "word": "гривна"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Russian 2-syllable words",
    "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Russian feminine nouns",
    "Russian hard-stem feminine-form accent-a nouns",
    "Russian hard-stem feminine-form nouns",
    "Russian inanimate nouns",
    "Russian lemmas",
    "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Russian nouns",
    "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
    "Russian nouns with reducible stem",
    "Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
    "Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "ru:Currency"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "гри́ва",
        "3": "",
        "4": "mane, neck"
      },
      "expansion": "гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*griva"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *griva",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From гри́ва (gríva, “mane, neck”), derived from Proto-Slavic *griva.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grívna",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вен",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "roman": "grívna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вен",
      "roman": "gríven",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вне",
      "roman": "grívne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внам",
      "roman": "grívnam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вну",
      "roman": "grívnu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вной",
      "roman": "grívnoj",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вною",
      "roman": "grívnoju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внами",
      "roman": "grívnami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вне",
      "roman": "grívne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внах",
      "roman": "grívnax",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "prepositional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ru-noun-table",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hard-stem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "accent-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вна",
      "roman": "grívna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́венъ",
      "roman": "gríven",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внѣ",
      "roman": "grívně",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внамъ",
      "roman": "grívnam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вну",
      "roman": "grívnu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dated",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вны",
      "roman": "grívny",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dated",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вной",
      "roman": "grívnoj",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́вною",
      "roman": "grívnoju",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внами",
      "roman": "grívnami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внѣ",
      "roman": "grívně",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "prepositional",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "гри́внахъ",
      "roman": "grívnax",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dated",
        "plural",
        "prepositional"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "гри́вна",
        "2": "*"
      },
      "expansion": "гри́вна • (grívna) f inan (genitive гри́вны, nominative plural гри́вны, genitive plural гри́вен)",
      "name": "ru-noun+"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Russian",
  "lang_code": "ru",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "roman": "grívennik",
      "word": "гри́венник"
    },
    {
      "roman": "grívennyj",
      "word": "гри́венный"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Russian terms with historical senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "grivna (unit of currency and weight in in medieval Rus)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "grivna",
          "grivna"
        ],
        [
          "medieval",
          "medieval#English"
        ],
        [
          "Rus",
          "Rus#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) grivna (unit of currency and weight in in medieval Rus)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Russian terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ten-copeck coin"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ten",
          "ten"
        ],
        [
          "copeck",
          "copeck"
        ],
        [
          "coin",
          "coin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) ten-copeck coin"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hryvnia, hryvna, grivna (the currency of Ukraine)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hryvnia",
          "hryvnia"
        ],
        [
          "hryvna",
          "hryvna"
        ],
        [
          "grivna",
          "grivna"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɡrʲivnə]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "ru:гривна"
  ],
  "word": "гривна"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Russian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (ae36afe and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.