See град in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "orv",
"3": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gradъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gradъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gruodas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian gruodas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grōda-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *grōda-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandō"
},
"expansion": "Latin grandō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկուտ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादुनि",
"t": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrāduni, “hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grind"
},
"expansion": "English grind",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.\nCognate with Lithuanian gruodas (Proto-Balto-Slavic *grōda-), Latin grandō, Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut), Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrāduni, “hail”) and possibly with English grind.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дик",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"roman": "gráda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ду",
"roman": "grádu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дом",
"roman": "grádom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́де",
"roman": "gráde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "градъ",
"roman": "grad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"dim": "гра́дик",
"n": "sg"
},
"expansion": "град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, uncountable, diminutive гра́дик)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ru",
"name": "Meteorology",
"orig": "ru:Meteorology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "52 22 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 25 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ru",
"name": "Ice",
"orig": "ru:Ice",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "It’s hailing.",
"roman": "Grad idjót",
"text": "Град идёт",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hail"
],
"id": "en-град-ru-noun-H2Y5qKUc",
"links": [
[
"meteorology",
"meteorology"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(meteorology) hail"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"climatology",
"meteorology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "hail of bullets",
"roman": "grad pulʹ",
"text": "град пуль",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"deluge, hail, shower (overwhelming flow or barrage of something)"
],
"id": "en-град-ru-noun-KFyCpbyz",
"links": [
[
"deluge",
"deluge"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"shower",
"shower"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) deluge, hail, shower (overwhelming flow or barrage of something)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡrat]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-at"
}
],
"word": "град"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "cu",
"3": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gȏrdъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́род"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of го́род (górod)",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ), which is a reflex of Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ. Doublet of го́род (górod), which was normally inherited by pleophony. Old Church Slavonic word shows liquid metathesis characteristic of South Slavic area.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дов",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"roman": "grády",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"roman": "gráda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дов",
"roman": "grádov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ду",
"roman": "grádu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дам",
"roman": "grádam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"roman": "grády",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дом",
"roman": "grádom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дами",
"roman": "grádami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́де",
"roman": "gráde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дах",
"roman": "grádax",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
},
{
"form": "градъ",
"roman": "grad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, nominative plural гра́ды, genitive plural гра́дов)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "atomgrád",
"word": "атомгра́д"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"english": "capital (city)",
"roman": "stolʹnyj grad",
"text": "стольный град",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"town, city, used as a common city name suffix (Волгоград, Калининград, Ленинград)"
],
"id": "en-град-ru-noun-ru:town",
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Волгоград",
"Волгоград"
],
[
"Калининград",
"Калининград"
],
[
"Ленинград",
"Ленинград"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic, archaic) town, city, used as a common city name suffix (Волгоград, Калининград, Ленинград)"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "górod",
"word": "го́род"
},
{
"roman": "-grad",
"word": "-град"
}
],
"senseid": [
"ru:town"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "regular term",
"word": "го́род"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡrat]"
}
],
"word": "град"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Russian/at",
"Rhymes:Russian/at/1 syllable",
"Russian 1-syllable words",
"Russian doublets",
"Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns",
"Russian inanimate nouns",
"Russian lemmas",
"Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
"Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Russian masculine nouns",
"Russian nouns",
"Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
"Russian terms borrowed from Old Church Slavonic",
"Russian terms derived from Old Church Slavonic",
"Russian terms derived from Old East Slavic",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Russian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰreh₃d-",
"Russian terms inherited from Old East Slavic",
"Russian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Russian terms with redundant head parameter",
"Russian uncountable nouns",
"ru:Ice"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰreh₃d-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "orv",
"3": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gradъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gradъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gruodas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian gruodas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*grōda-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *grōda-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "grandō"
},
"expansion": "Latin grandō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "կարկուտ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ह्रादुनि",
"t": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrāduni, “hail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grind"
},
"expansion": "English grind",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old East Slavic градъ (gradŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.\nCognate with Lithuanian gruodas (Proto-Balto-Slavic *grōda-), Latin grandō, Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut), Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrāduni, “hail”) and possibly with English grind.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дик",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"roman": "gráda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ду",
"roman": "grádu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дом",
"roman": "grádom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́де",
"roman": "gráde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "градъ",
"roman": "grad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"dim": "гра́дик",
"n": "sg"
},
"expansion": "град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, uncountable, diminutive гра́дик)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Russian terms with usage examples",
"ru:Meteorology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "It’s hailing.",
"roman": "Grad idjót",
"text": "Град идёт",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hail"
],
"links": [
[
"meteorology",
"meteorology"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(meteorology) hail"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"climatology",
"meteorology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Russian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "hail of bullets",
"roman": "grad pulʹ",
"text": "град пуль",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"deluge, hail, shower (overwhelming flow or barrage of something)"
],
"links": [
[
"deluge",
"deluge"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"shower",
"shower"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) deluge, hail, shower (overwhelming flow or barrage of something)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡrat]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-at"
}
],
"word": "град"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Russian 1-syllable words",
"Russian doublets",
"Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns",
"Russian inanimate nouns",
"Russian lemmas",
"Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
"Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Russian masculine nouns",
"Russian nouns",
"Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
"Russian terms borrowed from Old Church Slavonic",
"Russian terms derived from Old Church Slavonic",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Russian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Russian terms with redundant head parameter",
"ru:Ice"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "atomgrád",
"word": "атомгра́д"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "cu",
"3": "градъ"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gȏrdъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "го́род"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of го́род (górod)",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ), which is a reflex of Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ. Doublet of го́род (górod), which was normally inherited by pleophony. Old Church Slavonic word shows liquid metathesis characteristic of South Slavic area.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "grad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дов",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"roman": "grády",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́да",
"roman": "gráda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дов",
"roman": "grádov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ду",
"roman": "grádu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дам",
"roman": "grádam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́д",
"roman": "grád",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́ды",
"roman": "grády",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дом",
"roman": "grádom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дами",
"roman": "grádami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́де",
"roman": "gráde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гра́дах",
"roman": "grádax",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
},
{
"form": "градъ",
"roman": "grad",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "град • (grad) m inan (genitive гра́да, nominative plural гра́ды, genitive plural гра́дов)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "górod",
"word": "го́род"
},
{
"roman": "-grad",
"word": "-град"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Russian poetic terms",
"Russian terms with archaic senses",
"Russian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"english": "capital (city)",
"roman": "stolʹnyj grad",
"text": "стольный град",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"town, city, used as a common city name suffix (Волгоград, Калининград, Ленинград)"
],
"links": [
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Волгоград",
"Волгоград"
],
[
"Калининград",
"Калининград"
],
[
"Ленинград",
"Ленинград"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic, archaic) town, city, used as a common city name suffix (Волгоград, Калининград, Ленинград)"
],
"senseid": [
"ru:town"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "regular term",
"word": "го́род"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡrat]"
}
],
"word": "град"
}
Download raw JSONL data for град meaning in Russian (9.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Russian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.