See tornōn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "tornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "tornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tornon"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turnaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*der-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *turnaną",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*tornōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tornōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 20 14 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 16 10 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 19 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 8 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to tear off"
],
"id": "en-tornōn-gmw-pro-verb-hwLE9Bx1",
"links": [
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"off",
"off"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to depart"
],
"id": "en-tornōn-gmw-pro-verb-1tjk9rnM",
"links": [
[
"depart",
"depart"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tornōn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tornen"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tōrnen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*tornōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "tornen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tornon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "zornōn"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*torn",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "anger, wrath"
},
"expansion": "*torn (“anger, wrath”) + *-ōn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *torn (“anger, wrath”) + *-ōn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*tornōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tornōn",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "turnijan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to be angry"
],
"id": "en-tornōn-gmw-pro-verb-wA-9hOUV",
"links": [
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to rage against"
],
"id": "en-tornōn-gmw-pro-verb-unGWXOTJ",
"links": [
[
"rage",
"rage"
],
[
"against",
"against"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tornōn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *der-",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "tornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "tornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tornon"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turnaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*der-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *turnaną",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*tornōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tornōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to tear off"
],
"links": [
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"off",
"off"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to depart"
],
"links": [
[
"depart",
"depart"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tornōn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tornen"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tōrnen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*tornōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "tornen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tornon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zornen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "zornōn"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*torn",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "anger, wrath"
},
"expansion": "*torn (“anger, wrath”) + *-ōn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *torn (“anger, wrath”) + *-ōn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "tornō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "tornōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*tornōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tornōn",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "turnijan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Anger"
],
"glosses": [
"to be angry"
],
"links": [
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Violence"
],
"glosses": [
"to rage against"
],
"links": [
[
"rage",
"rage"
],
[
"against",
"against"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tornōn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tornōn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (9.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.