See stunōn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for stunōn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (7.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "stunian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: stunian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: stunian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stunien",
"3": "stonien",
"4": "stunen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stun",
"3": "stound",
"4": "stony"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stun, stound, stony",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: stun, stound, stony"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stun",
"3": "stound",
"4": "astonish"
},
"expansion": "English: stun, stound, astonish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stun, stound, astonish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*stunōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *stunōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *stunōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "stōnen",
"3": "stȫnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "latter merged with stēnen"
},
"expansion": "(latter merged with stēnen)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-nl",
"2": "steunen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch Low Saxon: steunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch Low Saxon: steunen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "stöhnen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: stöhnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: stöhnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stöhnen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: stöhnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: stöhnen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*stunōn",
"3": "*stonōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "stōnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: stōnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: stōnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "steunen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: steunen",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "merged with Middle Dutch stēnen"
},
"expansion": "(merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*stunōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *stunōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *stunōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "stunen",
"3": "stunden"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: stunen, stunden",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: stunen, stunden"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*stunō",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alternatively from Latin *extonō",
"2": "see there for further descendants"
},
"expansion": "(alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stunōną",
"4": "",
"5": "to thunder, rumble, drone, groan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnijas",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnijē",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōniju",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdōs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdē",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdud",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīd",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōndī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōd",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*stunōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stunōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 26 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to rumble, groan"
],
"id": "en-stunōn-gmw-pro-verb-fWe4yVjC",
"links": [
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
],
[
"groan",
"groan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to thunder, crash, make a loud noise"
],
"id": "en-stunōn-gmw-pro-verb-zLB6Udz6",
"links": [
[
"thunder",
"thunder"
],
[
"crash",
"crash"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to bang, knock, strike, deliver a blow"
],
"id": "en-stunōn-gmw-pro-verb--F36P0-e",
"links": [
[
"bang",
"bang"
],
[
"knock",
"knock"
],
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "stunōn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "stunian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: stunian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: stunian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stunien",
"3": "stonien",
"4": "stunen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "stun",
"3": "stound",
"4": "stony"
},
"expansion": "Scots: stun, stound, stony",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: stun, stound, stony"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stun",
"3": "stound",
"4": "astonish"
},
"expansion": "English: stun, stound, astonish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: stun, stound, astonish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*stunōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *stunōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *stunōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "stōnen",
"3": "stȫnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "latter merged with stēnen"
},
"expansion": "(latter merged with stēnen)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-nl",
"2": "steunen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch Low Saxon: steunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch Low Saxon: steunen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "stöhnen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: stöhnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: stöhnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stöhnen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: stöhnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: stöhnen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*stunōn",
"3": "*stonōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "stōnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: stōnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: stōnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "steunen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: steunen",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "merged with Middle Dutch stēnen"
},
"expansion": "(merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*stunōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *stunōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *stunōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "stunen",
"3": "stunden"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: stunen, stunden",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: stunen, stunden"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*stunō",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alternatively from Latin *extonō",
"2": "see there for further descendants"
},
"expansion": "(alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stunōną",
"4": "",
"5": "to thunder, rumble, drone, groan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *stunōną (“to thunder, rumble, drone, groan”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnijas",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnijē",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōniju",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdēs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdōs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdē",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdā",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdud",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōnþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīd",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōdīn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stunō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōndī",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stunōd",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*stunōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stunōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Vocalizations"
],
"glosses": [
"to rumble, groan"
],
"links": [
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
],
[
"groan",
"groan"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Atmospheric phenomena"
],
"glosses": [
"to thunder, crash, make a loud noise"
],
"links": [
[
"thunder",
"thunder"
],
[
"crash",
"crash"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Violence"
],
"glosses": [
"to bang, knock, strike, deliver a blow"
],
"links": [
[
"bang",
"bang"
],
[
"knock",
"knock"
],
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "stunōn"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.