See rūnōn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rūnia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rūnia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rūnia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruunje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rúnje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rúnje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rúnje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "rūnōn",
"3": "rūnoian",
"4": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: rûnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: rûnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "runen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: runen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: runen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*rūnōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *rūnōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *rūnōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "runen",
"3": "ruynen",
"4": "roenen",
"alt": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruinen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: ruinen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: ruinen"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "reaunje",
"3": "reauntsje",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūnōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rūnōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rūnōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rūnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: rūnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: rūnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "raunen"
},
"expansion": "German: raunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: raunen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "runer",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: runer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "runer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: runer"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "secret, mystery"
},
"expansion": "*rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ōn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ōn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*rūnōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rūnōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to whisper, round"
],
"id": "en-rūnōn-gmw-pro-verb-G58e1WbC",
"links": [
[
"whisper",
"whisper"
],
[
"round",
"round"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "reunōn"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnōn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rūnia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rūnia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rūnia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruunje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rúnje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rúnje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rúnje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "rūnōn",
"3": "rūnoian",
"4": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: rûnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: rûnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "runen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: runen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: runen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*rūnōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *rūnōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *rūnōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "runen",
"3": "ruynen",
"4": "roenen",
"alt": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: rûnen, ruynen, roenen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruinen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: ruinen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: ruinen"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "reaunje",
"3": "reauntsje",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ West Frisian: reaunje, reauntsje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūnōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rūnōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rūnōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rūnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: rūnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: rūnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "raunen"
},
"expansion": "German: raunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: raunen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "runer",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: runer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "runer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: runer"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "secret, mystery"
},
"expansion": "*rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ōn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ōn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*rūnōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rūnōn",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "reunōn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Secrecy",
"gmw-pro:Talking"
],
"glosses": [
"to whisper, round"
],
"links": [
[
"whisper",
"whisper"
],
[
"round",
"round"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnōn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rūnōn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.