See rūnēn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rūnia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rūnia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rūnia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruunje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rúnje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rúnje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rúnje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "rūnōn",
"3": "rūnoian",
"4": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: rûnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: rûnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "runen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: runen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: runen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "rūnon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: rūnon\nMiddle Dutch: runen\nDutch: ruinen",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: rūnon\nMiddle Dutch: runen\nDutch: ruinen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūnēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rūnēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rūnēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rūnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: rūnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: rūnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "raunen"
},
"expansion": "German: raunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: raunen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "runer",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: runer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "runer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: runer"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "secret, mystery"
},
"expansion": "*rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ēn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*rūnēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rūnēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (denominative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to whisper, conspire"
],
"id": "en-rūnēn-gmw-pro-verb-4MnePeP0",
"links": [
[
"whisper",
"whisper"
],
[
"conspire",
"conspire"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rūnian\nMiddle English: rounen, rownen\nEnglish: roun, round\nScots: roun, round"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rūnia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rūnia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rūnia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruunje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: ruunje"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rúnje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rúnje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rúnje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "rūnōn",
"3": "rūnoian",
"4": "rūnian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: rûnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: rûnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "runen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: runen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: runen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "rūnon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: rūnon\nMiddle Dutch: runen\nDutch: ruinen",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: rūnon\nMiddle Dutch: runen\nDutch: ruinen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūnēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rūnēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rūnēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rūnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: rūnen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: rūnen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "raunen"
},
"expansion": "German: raunen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: raunen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "runer",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: runer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "runer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: runer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: runer"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "secret, mystery"
},
"expansion": "*rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ēn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *rūnu (“secret, mystery”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rūn?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*rūnēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rūnēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Deception",
"gmw-pro:Talking"
],
"glosses": [
"to whisper, conspire"
],
"links": [
[
"whisper",
"whisper"
],
[
"conspire",
"conspire"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rūnēn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.