See kaf in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċeaf"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English\nMiddle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf\nEnglish: chaff\nScots: caff\n→ Irish: cabha",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English\nMiddle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf\nEnglish: chaff\nScots: caff\n→ Irish: cabha"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*tzef"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *tzef",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *tzef"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "schieff",
"3": "scheff",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "schieff, scheff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Harlingerland Frisian: schieff, scheff"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Sääf"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Sääf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Sääf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sjëf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "sjëf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wangerooge Frisian: sjëf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjêf"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: tsjêf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: tsjêf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "sjêf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "sjêf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaasterland: sjêf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjêb",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "tsjêb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Terschelling: tsjêb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Kaff"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Kaff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Kaff"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ North Frisian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ North Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "kaf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Föhr-Amrum: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "Kaf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sylt: Kaf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*caf"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *caf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *caf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "caf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: caf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: caf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kaf",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ West Frisian: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ West Frisian: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kaff"
},
"expansion": "German: Kaff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kaff"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Kuef"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Kuef",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Kuef"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵep-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-, *ǵebʰ- (“jaw, mouth; to eat, chew, devour”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kaf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*kaf n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kaf",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chaff"
],
"id": "en-kaf-gmw-pro-noun-Q4tRfQig",
"links": [
[
"chaff",
"chaff"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "kefu"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaf"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċeaf"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English\nMiddle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf\nEnglish: chaff\nScots: caff\n→ Irish: cabha",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċeaf, ċef, *cæf — unattested, but descendants found in Middle English\nMiddle English: chaf, caf, caff, caffe, chaff, chaffe, chef, kaf, kaff, schaf\nEnglish: chaff\nScots: caff\n→ Irish: cabha"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*tzef"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *tzef",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *tzef"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "schieff",
"3": "scheff",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "schieff, scheff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Harlingerland Frisian: schieff, scheff"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Sääf"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Sääf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Sääf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sjëf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "sjëf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wangerooge Frisian: sjëf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjêf"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: tsjêf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: tsjêf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "sjêf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "sjêf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaasterland: sjêf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjêb",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "tsjêb",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Eastern Terschelling: tsjêb"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Kaff"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Kaff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Kaff"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ North Frisian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ North Frisian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "kaf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Föhr-Amrum: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "Kaf",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sylt: Kaf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*caf"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *caf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *caf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "caf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: caf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: caf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kaf",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ West Frisian: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ West Frisian: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kaf"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: kaf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: kaf"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kaff"
},
"expansion": "German: Kaff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kaff"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Kuef"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Kuef",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Kuef"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵep-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵep-, *ǵebʰ- (“jaw, mouth; to eat, chew, devour”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Neuter a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "kaf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kaf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kafu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kafum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*kaf n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kaf",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kefu"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic neuter a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gmw-pro:Agriculture",
"gmw-pro:Grains"
],
"glosses": [
"chaff"
],
"links": [
[
"chaff",
"chaff"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kaf"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kaf meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.