"hnōjan" meaning in Proto-West Germanic

See hnōjan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”). Etymology templates: {{root|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*kneh₂-}}, {{inh|gmw-pro|gem-pro||*hnōjaną}} Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, {{inh|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*knéh₂yeti}} Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti, {{af|ine-pro|*kneh₂-|*-yeti|nocat=1|t1=to scrape, scratch}} *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti, {{cog|cel-pro|*knāyeti|t=to bite, chew}} Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), {{cog|lt|knója|t=to peel, tear}} Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), {{cog|grc|κνάω|t=to scrape, scratch}} Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”) Head templates: {{head|gmw-pro|verb}} *hnōjan Inflection templates: {{gmw-infl-verb-wk1}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], hnōjan [class-1, infinitive, weak], hnōjannjas [class-1, genitive, infinitive, weak], hnōjannjē [class-1, dative, infinitive, weak], hnōjannju [class-1, infinitive, instrumental, weak], hnōju [class-1, first-person, present, singular, weak], hnōidā [class-1, first-person, past, singular, weak], hnōisi [class-1, present, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidēs [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidōs [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōiþi [class-1, present, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidē [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidā [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōjum [class-1, first-person, plural, present, weak], hnōidum [class-1, first-person, past, plural, weak], hnōiþ [class-1, plural, present, second-person, weak], hnōidud [class-1, past, plural, second-person, weak], hnōjanþ [class-1, plural, present, third-person, weak], hnōidun [class-1, past, plural, third-person, weak], hnōjē [class-1, first-person, present, singular, weak], hnōidī [class-1, first-person, past, singular, weak], hnōjēs [class-1, present, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidī [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōjē [class-1, present, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidī [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōjēm [class-1, first-person, plural, present, weak], hnōidīm [class-1, first-person, past, plural, weak], hnōjēþ [class-1, plural, present, second-person, weak], hnōidīd [class-1, past, plural, second-person, weak], hnōjēn [class-1, plural, present, third-person, weak], hnōidīn [class-1, past, plural, third-person, weak], hnōi [class-1, present, singular, weak], hnōiþ [class-1, plural, present, weak], hnōjandī [class-1, participle, present, weak], hnōid [class-1, participle, past, weak]
  1. to scrape, plane Wikipedia link: Brill Publishers Tags: reconstruction Derived forms: hnōil, hnōu, Nut [German], hnōþi (english: groove) Derived forms (Middle High German): nuot Derived forms (Old High German): nuot
    Sense id: en-hnōjan-gmw-pro-verb-9hDDSg4r Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Middle High German",
          "lang_code": "gmh",
          "word": "nuejen"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old High German",
      "lang_code": "goh",
      "word": "nuoen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kneh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*hnōjaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*knéh₂yeti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kneh₂-",
        "3": "*-yeti",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "*kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*knāyeti",
        "t": "to bite, chew"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "knója",
        "t": "to peel, tear"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κνάω",
        "t": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "genitive",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "dative",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "instrumental",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōisi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjanþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjandī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*hnōjan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hnōjan",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "hnōil"
        },
        {
          "word": "hnōu"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "German"
          ],
          "word": "Nut"
        },
        {
          "english": "groove",
          "translation": "groove",
          "word": "hnōþi"
        },
        {
          "sense": "Middle High German",
          "word": "nuot"
        },
        {
          "sense": "Old High German",
          "word": "nuot"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to scrape, plane"
      ],
      "id": "en-hnōjan-gmw-pro-verb-9hDDSg4r",
      "links": [
        [
          "scrape",
          "scrape"
        ],
        [
          "plane",
          "plane"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "hnōjan"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "hnōil"
    },
    {
      "word": "hnōu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "German"
      ],
      "word": "Nut"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Middle High German",
      "word": "nuot"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Old High German",
      "word": "nuot"
    },
    {
      "english": "groove",
      "translation": "groove",
      "word": "hnōþi"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Middle High German",
          "lang_code": "gmh",
          "word": "nuejen"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Old High German",
      "lang_code": "goh",
      "word": "nuoen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kneh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*hnōjaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*knéh₂yeti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kneh₂-",
        "3": "*-yeti",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "*kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*knāyeti",
        "t": "to bite, chew"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "knója",
        "t": "to peel, tear"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κνάω",
        "t": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂yeti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνάω (knáō, “to scrape, scratch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "genitive",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "dative",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "instrumental",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōisi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjanþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjandī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*hnōjan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hnōjan",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-West Germanic class 1 weak verbs",
        "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kneh₂-",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic verbs",
        "gmw-pro:Woodworking"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to scrape, plane"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "scrape",
          "scrape"
        ],
        [
          "plane",
          "plane"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Brill Publishers"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "hnōjan"
}

Download raw JSONL data for hnōjan meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.5kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (e2469cc and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.