"hnōjan" meaning in Proto-West Germanic

See hnōjan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”). Etymology templates: {{root|gmw-pro|ine-pro|*kneh₂-}}, {{inh|gmw-pro|gem-pro||*hnōjaną}} Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, {{inh|gmw-pro|ine-pro||*knéh₂-ye-ti}} Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti, {{af|ine-pro|*kneh₂-|*-yeti|nocat=1|t1=to scrape, scratch}} *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti, {{cog|cel-pro|*knāyeti|t=to bite, chew}} Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), {{cog|lt|knója|t=to peel, tear}} Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), {{cog|grc|κνώ|t=to scrape, scratch}} Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”) Head templates: {{head|gmw-pro|verb}} *hnōjan Inflection templates: {{gmw-infl-verb-wk1}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], hnōjan [class-1, infinitive, weak], hnōjannjas [class-1, genitive, infinitive, weak], hnōjannjē [class-1, dative, infinitive, weak], hnōjannju [class-1, infinitive, instrumental, weak], hnōju [class-1, first-person, present, singular, weak], hnōidā [class-1, first-person, past, singular, weak], hnōisi [class-1, present, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidēs [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidōs [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōiþi [class-1, present, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidē [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidā [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōjum [class-1, first-person, plural, present, weak], hnōidum [class-1, first-person, past, plural, weak], hnōiþ [class-1, plural, present, second-person, weak], hnōidud [class-1, past, plural, second-person, weak], hnōjanþ [class-1, plural, present, third-person, weak], hnōidun [class-1, past, plural, third-person, weak], hnōjē [class-1, first-person, present, singular, weak], hnōidī [class-1, first-person, past, singular, weak], hnōjēs [class-1, present, second-person, singular, weak], hnōidī [class-1, past, second-person, singular, weak], hnōjē [class-1, present, singular, third-person, weak], hnōidī [class-1, past, singular, third-person, weak], hnōjēm [class-1, first-person, plural, present, weak], hnōidīm [class-1, first-person, past, plural, weak], hnōjēþ [class-1, plural, present, second-person, weak], hnōidīd [class-1, past, plural, second-person, weak], hnōjēn [class-1, plural, present, third-person, weak], hnōidīn [class-1, past, plural, third-person, weak], hnōi [class-1, present, singular, weak], hnōiþ [class-1, plural, present, weak], hnōjandī [class-1, participle, present, weak], hnōid [class-1, participle, past, weak]
  1. to scrape, plane Tags: reconstruction Derived forms: hnōil, hnōu Derived forms (Middle High German: nuot): Nut [German]
    Sense id: en-hnōjan-gmw-pro-verb-9hDDSg4r Categories (other): Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header

Download JSON data for hnōjan meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.2kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "nōen"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: nōen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: nōen"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "nūejen"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: nūejen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: nūejen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kneh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*hnōjaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*knéh₂-ye-ti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kneh₂-",
        "3": "*-yeti",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "*kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*knāyeti",
        "t": "to bite, chew"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "knója",
        "t": "to peel, tear"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κνώ",
        "t": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "genitive",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "dative",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "instrumental",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōisi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjanþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjandī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*hnōjan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hnōjan",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "hnōil"
        },
        {
          "word": "hnōu"
        },
        {
          "sense": "Middle High German: nuot",
          "tags": [
            "German"
          ],
          "word": "Nut"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to scrape, plane"
      ],
      "id": "en-hnōjan-gmw-pro-verb-9hDDSg4r",
      "links": [
        [
          "scrape",
          "scrape"
        ],
        [
          "plane",
          "plane"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "hnōjan"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "hnōil"
    },
    {
      "word": "hnōu"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Middle High German: nuot",
      "tags": [
        "German"
      ],
      "word": "Nut"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "nōen"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: nōen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: nōen"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "nūejen"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: nūejen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: nūejen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kneh₂-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*hnōjaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*knéh₂-ye-ti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kneh₂-",
        "3": "*-yeti",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "*kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*knāyeti",
        "t": "to bite, chew"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "knója",
        "t": "to peel, tear"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κνώ",
        "t": "to scrape, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *hnōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *knéh₂-ye-ti, from *kneh₂- (“to scrape, scratch”) + *-yeti. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), Lithuanian knója (“to peel, tear”), Ancient Greek κνώ (knṓ, “to scrape, scratch”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "genitive",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "dative",
        "infinitive",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjannju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "infinitive",
        "instrumental",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōju",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōisi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjanþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīd",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōidīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōiþ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōjandī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "weak"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hnōid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class-1",
        "participle",
        "past",
        "weak"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*hnōjan",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hnōjan",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-West Germanic class 1 weak verbs",
        "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kneh₂-",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-West Germanic verbs",
        "gmw-pro:Woodworking"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to scrape, plane"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "scrape",
          "scrape"
        ],
        [
          "plane",
          "plane"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "hnōjan"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.