See grūwēn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for grūwēn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.7kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*grūwia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *grūwia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *grūwia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grouje",
"3": "grouwe"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: grouje, grouwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: grouje, grouwe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*grūwōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *grūwōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *grūwōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "grūwen",
"3": "grouwen",
"4": "growen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: grūwen, grouwen, growen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: grūwen, grouwen, growen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "grue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "grue",
"3": "grua",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue, grua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue, grua"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gruva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: gruva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: gruva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "grue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: grue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*grūwon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *grūwon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *grūwon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gruwen",
"3": "grouwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gruwen, grouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gruwen, grouwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gruwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: gruwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: gruwen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gruen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: gruen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: gruen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grue"
},
"expansion": "English: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: grue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grūēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grūēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grūēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grūen",
"3": "grūwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grūen, grūwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grūen, grūwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grauen"
},
"expansion": "German: grauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: grauen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "imitative"
},
"expansion": "imitative",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰers-",
"t": "to bristle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear, perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*grūwēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/grūwēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic onomatopoeias",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be frightened, to be horrified"
],
"id": "en-grūwēn-gmw-pro-verb-4k-5-x3K",
"links": [
[
"frightened",
"frightened"
],
[
"horrified",
"horrified"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
]
}
],
"word": "grūwēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*grūwia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *grūwia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *grūwia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grouje",
"3": "grouwe"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: grouje, grouwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: grouje, grouwe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*grūwōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *grūwōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *grūwōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "grūwen",
"3": "grouwen",
"4": "growen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: grūwen, grouwen, growen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: grūwen, grouwen, growen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "grue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "grue",
"3": "grua",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue, grua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: grue, grua"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gruva",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: gruva",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: gruva"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "grue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: grue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*grūwon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *grūwon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *grūwon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gruwen",
"3": "grouwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gruwen, grouwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gruwen, grouwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gruwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: gruwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: gruwen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gruen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: gruen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: gruen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grue"
},
"expansion": "English: grue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: grue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grūēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grūēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grūēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "grūen",
"3": "grūwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: grūen, grūwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: grūen, grūwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grauen"
},
"expansion": "German: grauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: grauen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"title": "imitative"
},
"expansion": "imitative",
"name": "onomatopoeic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰers-",
"t": "to bristle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear, perhaps ultimately an imitative derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), or instead from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke, grind”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūwēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grūw?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*grūwēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/grūwēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic onomatopoeias",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Fear"
],
"glosses": [
"to be frightened, to be horrified"
],
"links": [
[
"frightened",
"frightened"
],
[
"horrified",
"horrified"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
]
}
],
"word": "grūwēn"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.