See gaist in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gāst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast\nMiddle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste\nEnglish: ghost\nScots: gaist, gast, ghaist\nYola: gaast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast\nMiddle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste\nEnglish: ghost\nScots: gaist, gast, ghaist\nYola: gaast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "gāst"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: gāst, gēst\nSaterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest\nWest Frisian: geast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: gāst, gēst\nSaterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest\nWest Frisian: geast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: gēst, *gast\nMiddle Low German: gêst, geist\nGerman Low German: Geest, Geist\nLow German: geest\nPlautdietsch: Jeist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast\n→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)\nDanish: gast\n→ Swedish: gast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: gēst, *gast\nMiddle Low German: gêst, geist\nGerman Low German: Geest, Geist\nLow German: geest\nPlautdietsch: Jeist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast\n→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)\nDanish: gast\n→ Swedish: gast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "geist",
"3": "*gēst",
"4": "gast"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gêest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gêest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gêest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: geest\nAfrikaans: gees\nNegerhollands: geest",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: geest\nAfrikaans: gees\nNegerhollands: geest"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "geist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: geist, gheist, keist\nMiddle High German: geist\nGerman: Geist\n→ English: geist\n→ Danish: gejst\n→ Swedish: geist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist\nHunsrik: Geest, Geist\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nYiddish: גײַסט (gayst)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: geist, gheist, keist\nMiddle High German: geist\nGerman: Geist\n→ English: geist\n→ Danish: gejst\n→ Swedish: geist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist\nHunsrik: Geest, Geist\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nYiddish: גײַסט (gayst)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaistaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ǵʰéysd-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हेड",
"tr": "héḍa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit हेड (héḍa)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gaist",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaist",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*gaist m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/gaist",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ghost, spirit"
],
"id": "en-gaist-gmw-pro-noun-Cw0kgCUr",
"links": [
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache"
]
}
],
"word": "gaist"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gāst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast\nMiddle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste\nEnglish: ghost\nScots: gaist, gast, ghaist\nYola: gaast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast\nMiddle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste\nEnglish: ghost\nScots: gaist, gast, ghaist\nYola: gaast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "gāst"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: gāst, gēst\nSaterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest\nWest Frisian: geast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: gāst, gēst\nSaterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest\nWest Frisian: geast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "gēst"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: gēst, *gast\nMiddle Low German: gêst, geist\nGerman Low German: Geest, Geist\nLow German: geest\nPlautdietsch: Jeist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast\n→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)\nDanish: gast\n→ Swedish: gast",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: gēst, *gast\nMiddle Low German: gêst, geist\nGerman Low German: Geest, Geist\nLow German: geest\nPlautdietsch: Jeist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast\n→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)\nDanish: gast\n→ Swedish: gast"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "geist",
"3": "*gēst",
"4": "gast"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gêest"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: gêest",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: gêest"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "geest"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: geest\nAfrikaans: gees\nNegerhollands: geest",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: geest\nAfrikaans: gees\nNegerhollands: geest"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "geist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: geist, gheist, keist\nMiddle High German: geist\nGerman: Geist\n→ English: geist\n→ Danish: gejst\n→ Swedish: geist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist\nHunsrik: Geest, Geist\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nYiddish: גײַסט (gayst)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: geist, gheist, keist\nMiddle High German: geist\nGerman: Geist\n→ English: geist\n→ Danish: gejst\n→ Swedish: geist\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist\nHunsrik: Geest, Geist\nLuxembourgish: Geescht\nYiddish: גײַסט (gayst)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaistaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaistaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ǵʰéysd-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "हेड",
"tr": "héḍa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit हेड (héḍa)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "gaist",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaist",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gaistum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*gaist m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/gaist",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"gmw-pro:Supernatural"
],
"glosses": [
"ghost, spirit"
],
"links": [
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Elmar Seebold",
"Etymological Dictionary of the German Language",
"de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache"
]
}
],
"word": "gaist"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gaist meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.