See bifūlijan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "befȳlan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: befȳlan\nMiddle English: befilen, befulen\nEnglish: befile\nScots: befyle, befile\n⇒ Middle English: defilen (through interference from Middle English defoulen)\nEnglish: defile\nScots: defyle, defile",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: befȳlan\nMiddle English: befilen, befulen\nEnglish: befile\nScots: befyle, befile\n⇒ Middle English: defilen (through interference from Middle English defoulen)\nEnglish: defile\nScots: defyle, defile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*bifūlian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *bifūlian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *bifūlian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bevûlen",
"3": "bevulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "befulen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: befulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: befulen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*bifūlen"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *bifūlen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *bifūlen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bevulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bevulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bevulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bevuilen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bevuilen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bevuilen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "befûlje",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? West Frisian: befûlje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? West Frisian: befûlje"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bi-",
"3": "*fūlijan"
},
"expansion": "*bi- + *fūlijan",
"name": "pre"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bi- + *fūlijan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"genitive",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannjē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"dative",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"infinitive",
"instrumental",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlisi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijanþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijandī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"participle",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"participle",
"past",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*bifūlijan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bifūlijan",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms prefixed with *bi-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make dirty, befoul"
],
"id": "en-bifūlijan-gmw-pro-verb-iKQkXgtm",
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"befoul",
"befoul"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "bifūlijan"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "befȳlan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: befȳlan\nMiddle English: befilen, befulen\nEnglish: befile\nScots: befyle, befile\n⇒ Middle English: defilen (through interference from Middle English defoulen)\nEnglish: defile\nScots: defyle, defile",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: befȳlan\nMiddle English: befilen, befulen\nEnglish: befile\nScots: befyle, befile\n⇒ Middle English: defilen (through interference from Middle English defoulen)\nEnglish: defile\nScots: defyle, defile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*bifūlian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *bifūlian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *bifūlian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bevûlen",
"3": "bevulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "befulen"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: befulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: befulen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*bifūlen"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *bifūlen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *bifūlen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bevulen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bevulen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bevulen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bevuilen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bevuilen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bevuilen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "befûlje",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? West Frisian: befûlje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? West Frisian: befûlje"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bi-",
"3": "*fūlijan"
},
"expansion": "*bi- + *fūlijan",
"name": "pre"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bi- + *fūlijan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"genitive",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannjē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"dative",
"infinitive",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijannju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"infinitive",
"instrumental",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlisi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijanþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlidīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"present",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūliþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"plural",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlijandī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"participle",
"present",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "bifūlid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class-1",
"participle",
"past",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*bifūlijan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk1"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bifūlijan",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Proto-West Germanic class 1 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms prefixed with *bi-",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Hygiene"
],
"glosses": [
"to make dirty, befoul"
],
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"befoul",
"befoul"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "bifūlijan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bifūlijan meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.