See balwōn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*balia",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Frisian: *balia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Frisian: *balia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "forbalia",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Frisian: forbalia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Frisian: forbalia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "urbalia",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Frisian: urbalia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Frisian: urbalia"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*baluwōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *baluwōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *baluwōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "*balwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: *balwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: *balwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vörbalwen",
"3": "vorbalwen",
"4": "vorballewen",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Low German: vörbalwen, vorbalwen, vorballewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Low German: vörbalwen, vorbalwen, vorballewen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*baluwon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *baluwon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *baluwon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "baluwen",
"3": "baellewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: baluwen, baellewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: baluwen, baellewen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*balawōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *balawōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *balawōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gibalawōn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old High German: gibalawōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old High German: gibalawōn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*balvō",
"3": "*malvō",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Vulgar Latin: *balvō, *malvō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malus"
},
"expansion": "Latin malus",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "assimilated to Latin <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">malus</i>"
},
"expansion": "(assimilated to Latin malus)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "→? Vulgar Latin: *balvō, *malvō (assimilated to Latin malus)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "malvar"
},
"expansion": "Galician: malvar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: malvar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "malvar"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: malvar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: malvar"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*balwōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *balwōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*balu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "evil, misfortune"
},
"expansion": "*balu (“evil, misfortune”) + *-ōn",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*balu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "factitive",
"t1": "evil, bad"
},
"expansion": "*balu (“evil, bad”) + *-ōn",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bǫlva"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bǫlva",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *balwōną. Equivalent to *balu (“evil, misfortune”) + *-ōn or *balu (“evil, bad”) + *-ōn. Cognate with Old Norse bǫlva.\nCompare also the class 1 weak verb in Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*balwōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/balwōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (factitive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make worse, spoil, damage"
],
"id": "en-balwōn-gmw-pro-verb-XJdLpMMg",
"links": [
[
"worse",
"worse"
],
[
"spoil",
"spoil"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to torture, torment"
],
"id": "en-balwōn-gmw-pro-verb-7WH1A~s9",
"links": [
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "balwōn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (factitive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*balia",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Frisian: *balia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Frisian: *balia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "forbalia",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Frisian: forbalia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Frisian: forbalia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "urbalia",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Frisian: urbalia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Frisian: urbalia"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*baluwōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *baluwōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *baluwōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "*balwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: *balwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: *balwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vörbalwen",
"3": "vorbalwen",
"4": "vorballewen",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Low German: vörbalwen, vorbalwen, vorballewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Low German: vörbalwen, vorbalwen, vorballewen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*baluwon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *baluwon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *baluwon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "baluwen",
"3": "baellewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: baluwen, baellewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: baluwen, baellewen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*balawōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *balawōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *balawōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gibalawōn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old High German: gibalawōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old High German: gibalawōn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "*balvō",
"3": "*malvō",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Vulgar Latin: *balvō, *malvō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malus"
},
"expansion": "Latin malus",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "assimilated to Latin <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">malus</i>"
},
"expansion": "(assimilated to Latin malus)",
"name": "gl"
}
],
"text": "→? Vulgar Latin: *balvō, *malvō (assimilated to Latin malus)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "malvar"
},
"expansion": "Galician: malvar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: malvar"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "malvar"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: malvar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: malvar"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*balwōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *balwōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*balu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative",
"t1": "evil, misfortune"
},
"expansion": "*balu (“evil, misfortune”) + *-ōn",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*balu",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "factitive",
"t1": "evil, bad"
},
"expansion": "*balu (“evil, bad”) + *-ōn",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bǫlva"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bǫlva",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *balwōną. Equivalent to *balu (“evil, misfortune”) + *-ōn or *balu (“evil, bad”) + *-ōn. Cognate with Old Norse bǫlva.\nCompare also the class 1 weak verb in Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "balwō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "balwōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*balwōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/balwōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to make worse, spoil, damage"
],
"links": [
[
"worse",
"worse"
],
[
"spoil",
"spoil"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to torture, torment"
],
"links": [
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"torment",
"torment"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "balwōn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for balwōn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-08-20 using wiktextract (8e41825 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.