See e- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Samoyedic",
"lang_code": "syd-pro",
"word": "*e-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "this"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "*e-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Uralic",
"lang_code": "urj-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/e-",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Uralic pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"this"
],
"id": "en-e--urj-pro-pron-HreWAkEe",
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "e-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Samoyedic",
"lang_code": "syd-pro",
"word": "*e-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Permic",
"lang_code": "urj-prm-pro",
"word": "*ɔ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*e-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*i-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*a-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Southern Sami",
"lang_code": "sma",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Ume Sami",
"lang_code": "sju",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Pite Sami",
"lang_code": "sje",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Lule Sami",
"lang_code": "smj",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"lang_code": "se",
"word": "ii"
}
],
"lang": "Western Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Inari Sami",
"lang_code": "smn",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Skolt Sami",
"lang_code": "sms",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Akkala Sami",
"lang_code": "sia",
"roman": "ij",
"word": "ий"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"word": "*i-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"word": "*e-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "not"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qfa-yuk-pro",
"2": "*əl-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Yukaghir *əl-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*ese"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *ese",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tuw-pro",
"2": "*e-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tungusic *e-",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sometimes compared to Proto-Yukaghir *əl-, Proto-Mongolic *ese and Proto-Tungusic *e-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*e-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Uralic",
"lang_code": "urj-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/e-",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 35 2 2 12 2 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Uralic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"not; the negative verb."
],
"id": "en-e--urj-pro-verb-V-ciaO9V",
"related": [
{
"english": "don't",
"translation": "don't",
"word": "älä- imperative stem"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "e-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Uralic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Uralic lemmas",
"Proto-Uralic pronouns",
"Proto-Uralic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Samoyedic",
"lang_code": "syd-pro",
"word": "*e-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "this"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "*e-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Uralic",
"lang_code": "urj-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/e-",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"this"
],
"links": [
[
"this",
"this"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "e-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Uralic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Uralic lemmas",
"Proto-Uralic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Samoyedic",
"lang_code": "syd-pro",
"word": "*e-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Permic",
"lang_code": "urj-prm-pro",
"word": "*ɔ-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*e-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*i-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Erzya",
"lang_code": "myv",
"roman": "eź",
"word": "эзь"
},
{
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"roman": "iź",
"word": "изь"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mordvinic",
"lang_code": "urj-mdv-pro",
"word": "*a-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Southern Sami",
"lang_code": "sma",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Ume Sami",
"lang_code": "sju",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Pite Sami",
"lang_code": "sje",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Lule Sami",
"lang_code": "smj",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"lang_code": "se",
"word": "ii"
}
],
"lang": "Western Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Inari Sami",
"lang_code": "smn",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Skolt Sami",
"lang_code": "sms",
"word": "ij"
},
{
"lang": "Akkala Sami",
"lang_code": "sia",
"roman": "ij",
"word": "ий"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"word": "*i-"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"word": "*e-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "not"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qfa-yuk-pro",
"2": "*əl-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Yukaghir *əl-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*ese"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *ese",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tuw-pro",
"2": "*e-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tungusic *e-",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sometimes compared to Proto-Yukaghir *əl-, Proto-Mongolic *ese and Proto-Tungusic *e-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*e-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Uralic",
"lang_code": "urj-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/e-",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "don't",
"translation": "don't",
"word": "älä- imperative stem"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"not; the negative verb."
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "e-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for e- meaning in Proto-Uralic (3.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Uralic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (606a11c and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.