See topïk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tojg",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "тойг"
},
{
"lang": "Buryat",
"lang_code": "bua",
"roman": "tojn",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "тойн"
},
{
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"roman": "töñ",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "төң"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "tuuxuu",
"sense": "knee-covering, knee warmer",
"word": "туухуу"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tuuxaj",
"sense": "a face of an anklebone",
"word": "туухай"
},
{
"lang": "Manchu",
"lang_code": "mnc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "tobgiya",
"sense": "knee",
"word": "ᡨᠣᠪᡤᡳᡟᠠ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*tobkai"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*toyig"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "topuq"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "topuq"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "heel bone",
"word": "topuk"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topuk",
"word": "طوپوق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "topuk"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "topiq"
},
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "topuq",
"sense": "kneecap; patella",
"word": "توپۇق"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "topık",
"sense": "small ball, pellet; ankle bone",
"word": "تُبِقْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "tubıq",
"word": "тубыҡ"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "tubıq",
"word": "тубык"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "tobuq",
"word": "тобукъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "tobuq",
"word": "тобукъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "tobuq"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "tobiʻq"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tobyq",
"word": "тобық"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"word": "tobıq"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "tomuk",
"word": "томук"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tomuk",
"word": "томук"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tobuk",
"word": "тобук"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "tobuk",
"word": "тобук"
},
{
"lang": "Dolgan",
"lang_code": "dlg",
"word": "тобук"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "dovuk",
"word": "довук"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"word": "to'puq"
}
],
"lang": "Sayan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"word": "topïq"
},
{
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tomıx",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "томых"
},
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "tōq"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*top",
"3": "*-ik",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix",
"t1": "round thing"
},
"expansion": "*top (“round thing”) + *-ik (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *top (“round thing”) + *-ik (diminutive suffix).\nThe Turkic intervocalic -p- has been changed to intervocalic hiatus in borrowings of Mongolic, to make it suitable for Mongolic phonetics",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "topïk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïktan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*topïk",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "Common Turkic"
},
"expansion": "(Common Turkic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/topïk",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 30 10 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 21 7 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "73 16 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Common Turkic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 7 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 9 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ik",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"small ball, pellet"
],
"id": "en-topïk-trk-pro-noun-2yok6gUj",
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"ball",
"ball"
],
[
"pellet",
"pellet"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"knee cap"
],
"id": "en-topïk-trk-pro-noun-sVd7fZLm",
"links": [
[
"knee cap",
"knee cap"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"knee"
],
"id": "en-topïk-trk-pro-noun-ae9aiLAn",
"links": [
[
"knee",
"knee"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"anklebone; heel bone"
],
"id": "en-topïk-trk-pro-noun-xX98MkCd",
"links": [
[
"anklebone",
"anklebone"
],
[
"heel bone",
"heel bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topïk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Common Turkic",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ik",
"Requests for native script for Karaim terms",
"Requests for native script for Nogai terms",
"Requests for native script for Old Uyghur terms",
"Requests for native script for Tofa terms",
"trk-pro:Bones"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tojg",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "тойг"
},
{
"lang": "Buryat",
"lang_code": "bua",
"roman": "tojn",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "тойн"
},
{
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"lang_code": "xal",
"roman": "töñ",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "төң"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "tuuxuu",
"sense": "knee-covering, knee warmer",
"word": "туухуу"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tuuxaj",
"sense": "a face of an anklebone",
"word": "туухай"
},
{
"lang": "Manchu",
"lang_code": "mnc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "tobgiya",
"sense": "knee",
"word": "ᡨᠣᠪᡤᡳᡟᠠ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "*tobkai"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*toyig"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "topuq"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "topuq"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "heel bone",
"word": "topuk"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topuk",
"word": "طوپوق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "topuk"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "topiq"
},
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "topuq",
"sense": "kneecap; patella",
"word": "توپۇق"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "topık",
"sense": "small ball, pellet; ankle bone",
"word": "تُبِقْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "tubıq",
"word": "тубыҡ"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "tubıq",
"word": "тубык"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "tobuq",
"word": "тобукъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "tobuq",
"word": "тобукъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "tobuq"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "tobiʻq"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tobyq",
"word": "тобық"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"word": "tobıq"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "tomuk",
"word": "томук"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tomuk",
"word": "томук"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tobuk",
"word": "тобук"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "tobuk",
"word": "тобук"
},
{
"lang": "Dolgan",
"lang_code": "dlg",
"word": "тобук"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "dovuk",
"word": "довук"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"word": "to'puq"
}
],
"lang": "Sayan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"word": "topïq"
},
{
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tomıx",
"sense": "kneecap",
"word": "томых"
},
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "tōq"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*top",
"3": "*-ik",
"pos2": "diminutive suffix",
"t1": "round thing"
},
"expansion": "*top (“round thing”) + *-ik (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *top (“round thing”) + *-ik (diminutive suffix).\nThe Turkic intervocalic -p- has been changed to intervocalic hiatus in borrowings of Mongolic, to make it suitable for Mongolic phonetics",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "topïk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïktan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topïkča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topïklarča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*topïk",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "Common Turkic"
},
"expansion": "(Common Turkic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/topïk",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"small ball, pellet"
],
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"ball",
"ball"
],
[
"pellet",
"pellet"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"knee cap"
],
"links": [
[
"knee cap",
"knee cap"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"knee"
],
"links": [
[
"knee",
"knee"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"anklebone; heel bone"
],
"links": [
[
"anklebone",
"anklebone"
],
[
"heel bone",
"heel bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "topïk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for topïk meaning in Proto-Turkic (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.