See arpa in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Viryal Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv-vir",
"roman": "orp̬a",
"word": "орпа"
}
],
"lang": "Anatri Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv-ana",
"roman": "urp̬a",
"word": "урпа"
}
],
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "urp̬a",
"word": "урпа"
},
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "árpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "arvaj",
"word": "арвай"
},
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "arvay",
"word": "арвай"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*arbaï"
}
],
"lang": "Oghur",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Common Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-cmn-pro",
"word": "*arpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "آرپه"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "arfa"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Oghuz",
"lang_code": "trk-ogz-pro",
"word": "*arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ئارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Khorezmian Turkic",
"lang_code": "zkh",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "اَرْپا"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "arba",
"word": "арба"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽼𐽰"
},
{
"lang": "Manchu",
"lang_code": "mnc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "arfa",
"word": "ᠠᡵᡶᠠ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "арба"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "arba",
"word": "арба"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "arva",
"word": "арва"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira-nei"
},
"expansion": "Northeastern Iranian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira-pro",
"3": "*arpacyaH",
"4": "*Hr̥pā́š",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-toc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂élbʰit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "otk",
"t": "multitude, crowd",
"tr": "arka"
},
"expansion": "Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*arbaï",
"3": "",
"4": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "арвай"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian арвай (arvaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sce",
"2": "apa"
},
"expansion": "Dongxiang apa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian, both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”). The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arpa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpanï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpanïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpagaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpača",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpalayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpalïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*arpa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chagatai terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Uyghur terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"barley"
],
"id": "en-arpa-trk-pro-noun-16nq0LFc",
"links": [
[
"barley",
"barley"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "arpa"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Viryal Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv-vir",
"roman": "orp̬a",
"word": "орпа"
}
],
"lang": "Anatri Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv-ana",
"roman": "urp̬a",
"word": "урпа"
}
],
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "urp̬a",
"word": "урпа"
},
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "árpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "arvaj",
"word": "арвай"
},
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "arvay",
"word": "арвай"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*arbaï"
}
],
"lang": "Oghur",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Common Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-cmn-pro",
"word": "*arpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "آرپه"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "arfa"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Oghuz",
"lang_code": "trk-ogz-pro",
"word": "*arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ئارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Khorezmian Turkic",
"lang_code": "zkh",
"word": "arpa"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "اَرْپا"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "arpa"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "арпа"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "arba",
"word": "арба"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "ارپا"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "arpa",
"word": "𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽼𐽰"
},
{
"lang": "Manchu",
"lang_code": "mnc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "arfa",
"word": "ᠠᡵᡶᠠ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "арба"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "arba",
"word": "арба"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "arva",
"word": "арва"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira-nei"
},
"expansion": "Northeastern Iranian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira-pro",
"3": "*arpacyaH",
"4": "*Hr̥pā́š",
"t": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-toc",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂élbʰit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "otk",
"t": "multitude, crowd",
"tr": "arka"
},
"expansion": "Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*arbaï",
"3": "",
"4": "barley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "арвай"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian арвай (arvaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sce",
"2": "apa"
},
"expansion": "Dongxiang apa",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian, both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”). The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "arpa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpanï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpanïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpagaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpaïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpača",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpalayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "arpalïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*arpa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chagatai terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Old Uyghur terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic terms borrowed from Northeastern Iranian languages",
"Proto-Turkic terms borrowed from Tocharian languages",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Northeastern Iranian languages",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Proto-Iranian",
"Proto-Turkic terms derived from Tocharian languages",
"Requests for native script for Khorezmian Turkic terms",
"Requests for native script for Old Anatolian Turkish terms",
"Requests for native script for Old Turkic terms",
"trk-pro:Grains"
],
"glosses": [
"barley"
],
"links": [
[
"barley",
"barley"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "arpa"
}
Download raw JSONL data for arpa meaning in Proto-Turkic (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.