See xmara in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хмуры́на"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: хма́ра (xmára), хмуры́на (xmurýna)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: хма́ра (xmára), хмуры́на (xmurýna)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хму́ра"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хму́ра"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "тмо̀ра",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: тмо̀ра",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: тмо̀ра (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "tmòra",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: tmòra",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: tmòra (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "chmara",
"3": "chmoura"
},
"expansion": "Czech: chmara, chmoura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: chmara, chmoura"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chmara",
"3": "chmura"
},
"expansion": "Polish: chmara, chmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: chmara, chmura"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "chmára",
"3": "chmúra"
},
"expansion": "Old Slovak: chmára, chmúra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Slovak: chmára, chmúra"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "хмара"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: хмара (xmara)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: хмара (xmara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "chmúra"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: chmúra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: chmúra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "khmura"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: khmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: khmura"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "chmura"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: chmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: chmura"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀμαυρός",
"3": "",
"4": "dark, dull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark, dull”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*tьma",
"3": "",
"4": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tьma (“darkness”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cloud"
},
"expansion": "English cloud",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clūd",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, rocky mass"
},
"expansion": "Old English clūd (“boulder, rocky mass”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂em-",
"4": "*kh₂mer-",
"t": "to curve, to distort"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kh₂mer- (“to curve, to distort”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ",
"3": "",
"4": "vault, heap, mass"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā, “vault, heap, mass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain:\n* Per Vasmer, Trubachev (ESSJa): From contamination of original *xmura and *para (“vapor”) or *mara (“dusk, illusion, mirage”). The former is sometimes compared with Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark, dull”).\n* Per Gudkov (EIRJa): From dissimilation of an earlier *tьmora/*tьmara → *kmara → *xmara, cognate with Proto-Slavic *tьma (“darkness”).\n* If the original meaning of the word was more concerned with the shape rather than with the hue of the cloud (as in English cloud < Old English clūd (“boulder, rocky mass”)), then possibly from an ō-grade of Proto-Indo-European *kh₂mer- (“to curve, to distort”). Compare Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā, “vault, heap, mass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xmàra",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xmara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàramъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàramī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàraxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*xmura",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xmara",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "dusky, dim",
"word": "xmurъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "lump, clod",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "komъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"sense": "*xmariti, *xmuriti (“to dim”)",
"word": "xmarьnъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "murky, cloudy, gloomy",
"sense": "*xmariti, *xmuriti (“to dim”)",
"word": "хmurьnъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"dusky, dark billow"
],
"id": "en-xmara-sla-pro-noun-smPALIPg",
"links": [
[
"dusky",
"dusky"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"billow",
"billow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 84 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 84 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 75 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 84 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dark cloud"
],
"id": "en-xmara-sla-pro-noun-OttxBXPT",
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*tǫča"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"incoherent mass → swarm (of insects), covey (of birds), crowd (of people)"
],
"id": "en-xmara-sla-pro-noun-VY-ZcB7g",
"links": [
[
"incoherent",
"incoherent"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
],
[
"swarm",
"swarm"
],
[
"covey",
"covey"
],
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "xmara"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"sla-pro:Clouds"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хмуры́на"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: хма́ра (xmára), хмуры́на (xmurýna)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: хма́ра (xmára), хмуры́на (xmurýna)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хму́ра"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "хма́ра",
"3": "хму́ра"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: хма́ра (xmára), хму́ра (xmúra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "тмо̀ра",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: тмо̀ра",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: тмо̀ра (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "tmòra",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: tmòra",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly"
},
"expansion": "(possibly)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: tmòra (possibly)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "chmara",
"3": "chmoura"
},
"expansion": "Czech: chmara, chmoura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: chmara, chmoura"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chmara",
"3": "chmura"
},
"expansion": "Polish: chmara, chmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: chmara, chmura"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "chmára",
"3": "chmúra"
},
"expansion": "Old Slovak: chmára, chmúra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Slovak: chmára, chmúra"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "хмара"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: хмара (xmara)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: хмара (xmara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "chmúra"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: chmúra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: chmúra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "khmura"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: khmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: khmura"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "chmura"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: chmura",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: chmura"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀμαυρός",
"3": "",
"4": "dark, dull"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark, dull”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*tьma",
"3": "",
"4": "darkness"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tьma (“darkness”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cloud"
},
"expansion": "English cloud",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clūd",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, rocky mass"
},
"expansion": "Old English clūd (“boulder, rocky mass”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kh₂em-",
"4": "*kh₂mer-",
"t": "to curve, to distort"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kh₂mer- (“to curve, to distort”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ",
"3": "",
"4": "vault, heap, mass"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā, “vault, heap, mass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain:\n* Per Vasmer, Trubachev (ESSJa): From contamination of original *xmura and *para (“vapor”) or *mara (“dusk, illusion, mirage”). The former is sometimes compared with Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark, dull”).\n* Per Gudkov (EIRJa): From dissimilation of an earlier *tьmora/*tьmara → *kmara → *xmara, cognate with Proto-Slavic *tьma (“darkness”).\n* If the original meaning of the word was more concerned with the shape rather than with the hue of the cloud (as in English cloud < Old English clūd (“boulder, rocky mass”)), then possibly from an ō-grade of Proto-Indo-European *kh₂mer- (“to curve, to distort”). Compare Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā, “vault, heap, mass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xmàra",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xmara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàramъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàramī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàraxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàrě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xmàry",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*xmura",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xmara",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "dusky, dim",
"word": "xmurъ"
},
{
"sense": "*xmariti, *xmuriti (“to dim”)",
"word": "xmarьnъ"
},
{
"english": "murky, cloudy, gloomy",
"sense": "*xmariti, *xmuriti (“to dim”)",
"word": "хmurьnъ"
},
{
"english": "lump, clod",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "komъ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"dusky, dark billow"
],
"links": [
[
"dusky",
"dusky"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"billow",
"billow"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"dark cloud"
],
"links": [
[
"dark",
"dark"
],
[
"cloud",
"cloud"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*tǫča"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"incoherent mass → swarm (of insects), covey (of birds), crowd (of people)"
],
"links": [
[
"incoherent",
"incoherent"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
],
[
"swarm",
"swarm"
],
[
"covey",
"covey"
],
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "xmara"
}
Download raw JSONL data for xmara meaning in Proto-Slavic (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.