See xъmeľь in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "xmjelʹ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xmelʹ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xmilʹ",
"word": "хміль"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xmelĭ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xmělĭ",
"word": "хмѣль"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "hmel",
"word": "хмел"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "hmelj",
"word": "хмељ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "хме̏љ"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "hmȅlj"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chmel"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "chmiél"
},
{
"lang": "Polabian",
"lang_code": "pox",
"word": "xėmil"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "chmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"word": "hmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"Lasovia"
],
"word": "kmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "chmiyl"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "chmiel"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "chmeľ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Slovak",
"lang_code": "zlw-osk",
"word": "chmeľ"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "choúmeli",
"word": "χούμελη"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hamei"
}
],
"lang": "Non-Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem",
"3": "iir",
"4": "trk"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*humilō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *humilō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "urj-fin",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Finnic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "urj",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Uralic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hymele"
},
"expansion": "Old English hymele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "hōmel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German hōmel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "humli"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse humli",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "humulus"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin humulus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ira",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "хуымӕллӕг"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*kumlak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kumlak",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In all likelihood related with Proto-West Germanic *humilō, of uncertain origin, but assumed to be of Finnic/Uralic origin, as the Finno-Ugric tribes were the first to use hops for beer.. Compare Old English hymele, Middle Low German hōmel, Old Norse humli, Medieval Latin humulus. However, the direction of borrowing (Germanic > Slavic or vice versa) is uncertain.\nFurther theories connect it with either Iranian or Turkic; compare Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Proto-Turkic *kumlak respectively.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xъmèľь",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъmeľь",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "xъmelьnъ"
},
{
"word": "xъmelina"
},
{
"english": "field with hop",
"translation": "field with hop",
"word": "xъmelišče"
},
{
"english": "to spice a drink with hop",
"translation": "to spice a drink with hop",
"word": "xъmeliti"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hop (plant)"
],
"id": "en-xъmeľь-sla-pro-noun-2w-Cpq8r",
"links": [
[
"hop",
"hop"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
]
}
],
"word": "xъmeľь"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "xъmelьnъ"
},
{
"word": "xъmelina"
},
{
"english": "field with hop",
"translation": "field with hop",
"word": "xъmelišče"
},
{
"english": "to spice a drink with hop",
"translation": "to spice a drink with hop",
"word": "xъmeliti"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "xmjelʹ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "xmelʹ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "xmilʹ",
"word": "хміль"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xmelĭ",
"word": "хмель"
},
{
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "xmělĭ",
"word": "хмѣль"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "hmel",
"word": "хмел"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "hmelj",
"word": "хмељ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "хме̏љ"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "hmȅlj"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "chmel"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "chmiél"
},
{
"lang": "Polabian",
"lang_code": "pox",
"word": "xėmil"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "chmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"word": "hmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"Lasovia"
],
"word": "kmiel"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "chmiyl"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "chmiel"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "chmeľ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Slovak",
"lang_code": "zlw-osk",
"word": "chmeľ"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "choúmeli",
"word": "χούμελη"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hamei"
}
],
"lang": "Non-Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "gem",
"3": "iir",
"4": "trk"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*humilō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *humilō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "urj-fin",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Finnic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "urj",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Uralic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hymele"
},
"expansion": "Old English hymele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "hōmel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German hōmel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "humli"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse humli",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "humulus"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin humulus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ira",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "хуымӕллӕг"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*kumlak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kumlak",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In all likelihood related with Proto-West Germanic *humilō, of uncertain origin, but assumed to be of Finnic/Uralic origin, as the Finno-Ugric tribes were the first to use hops for beer.. Compare Old English hymele, Middle Low German hōmel, Old Norse humli, Medieval Latin humulus. However, the direction of borrowing (Germanic > Slavic or vice versa) is uncertain.\nFurther theories connect it with either Iranian or Turkic; compare Ossetian хуымӕллӕг (x°ymællæg) and Proto-Turkic *kumlak respectively.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xъmèľь",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xъmeľi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъmeľь",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Finnic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Germanic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Indo-Iranian languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Iranian languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Uralic languages"
],
"glosses": [
"hop (plant)"
],
"links": [
[
"hop",
"hop"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
]
}
],
"word": "xъmeľь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for xъmeľь meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-10-01 using wiktextract (19bd8d3 and 1ab82da). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.