"vьrša" meaning in Proto-Slavic

See vьrša in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European: * Derksen: *wr̥ǵ- (see *werǵ-); Therefore from earlier *virzsjā. Morphologically *vьrz- + *-ša. : Cognate with Proto-Germanic *werką (> Old High German werc (“work”)), *wirkijaną (> Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”)) * Vasmer: *werǵʰsyeh₂ (see *werǵʰ-) or *vьrxъ + *-ja (< *wr̥s- / *wers-). : Cognate with Lithuanian veržỹs. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian váržas, Latvian var̂za. Etymology templates: {{inh|sla-pro|ine-pro|-}} Proto-Indo-European, {{affix|sla-pro||*-ša|alt1=*vьrz-}} *vьrz- + *-ša, {{cog|gem-pro|*werką}} Proto-Germanic *werką, {{cog|goh|werc||work}} Old High German werc (“work”), {{cog|goh|wirken||to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving}} Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”), {{suffix|sla-pro|*vьrxъ|*-ja}} *vьrxъ + *-ja, {{cog|lt|veržỹs}} Lithuanian veržỹs, {{cog|lt|váržas}} Lithuanian váržas, {{cog|lv|var̂za}} Latvian var̂za Inflection templates: {{sla-decl-noun|vь̀rša|ap=a}} Forms: vь̀rša [canonical, feminine], no-table-tags [table-tags], vь̀rša [nominative, singular], vь̀rši [dual, nominative], vь̀ršę̇ [nominative, plural], vь̀ršę̇ [genitive, singular], vь̀ršu [dual, genitive], vь̀ršь [genitive, plural], vь̀ršī [dative, singular], vь̀ršama [dative, dual], vь̀ršāmъ [dative, plural], vь̀ršǫ [accusative, singular], vь̀rši [accusative, dual], vь̀ršę̇ [accusative, plural], vь̀ršējǫ [instrumental, singular], vь̀ršǭ [instrumental, singular], vь̀ršama [dual, instrumental], vь̀ršāmī [instrumental, plural], vь̀ršī [locative, singular], vь̀ršu [dual, locative], vь̀ršāsъ [locative, plural], vь̀rše [singular, vocative], vь̀rši [dual, vocative], vь̀ršę̇ [plural, vocative]
  1. fishing basket, fishing trap made of osiers Tags: reconstruction Related terms: povorzъ, pavorzъ (alt: < PIE *worǵʰos) (english: cord), versъ, verskъ (english: heather)
    Sense id: en-vьrša-sla-pro-noun-QTkeN844 Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Belarusian",
              "lang_code": "be",
              "roman": "vjarša",
              "word": "вярша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ukrainian",
              "lang_code": "uk",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "vĭrša",
          "word": "вьрша"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Belarusian",
              "lang_code": "be",
              "roman": "vjarša",
              "word": "вярша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ukrainian",
              "lang_code": "uk",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "vrĭša",
          "word": "врьша"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "East Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "vǎ́rša",
          "word": "въ́рша"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "lang_code": "mk",
          "roman": "vrša",
          "word": "врша"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "вр̑ша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Latin script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "vȓša"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "lang_code": "sh"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "South Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "vrše"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "vršě"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "wiersza"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "word": "wiersza"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "wiersza"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "word": "wirsza"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "lang_code": "sk",
          "word": "vrša"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "hsb",
              "word": "wjerša"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "word": "wjerša"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sorbian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "West Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "varsa"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "vârșă"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Non-Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-ša",
        "alt1": "*vьrz-"
      },
      "expansion": "*vьrz- + *-ša",
      "name": "affix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*werką"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *werką",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "werc",
        "3": "",
        "4": "work"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German werc (“work”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "wirken",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*vьrxъ",
        "3": "*-ja"
      },
      "expansion": "*vьrxъ + *-ja",
      "name": "suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "veržỹs"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian veržỹs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "váržas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian váržas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "var̂za"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian var̂za",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European:\n* Derksen: *wr̥ǵ- (see *werǵ-); Therefore from earlier *virzsjā. Morphologically *vьrz- + *-ša.\n: Cognate with Proto-Germanic *werką (> Old High German werc (“work”)), *wirkijaną (> Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”))\n* Vasmer: *werǵʰsyeh₂ (see *werǵʰ-) or *vьrxъ + *-ja (< *wr̥s- / *wers-).\n: Cognate with Lithuanian veržỹs.\nBaltic cognates include\nLithuanian váržas,\nLatvian var̂za.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vь̀rša",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rša",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršama",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāmъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršǫ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršējǫ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršama",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāmī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāsъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rše",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vь̀rša",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьrša",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "fishing basket, fishing trap made of osiers"
      ],
      "id": "en-vьrša-sla-pro-noun-QTkeN844",
      "links": [
        [
          "fishing",
          "fishing"
        ],
        [
          "basket",
          "basket"
        ],
        [
          "trap",
          "trap"
        ],
        [
          "made",
          "made"
        ],
        [
          "osier",
          "osier"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "povorzъ"
        },
        {
          "alt": "< PIE *worǵʰos",
          "english": "cord",
          "translation": "cord",
          "word": "pavorzъ"
        },
        {
          "word": "versъ"
        },
        {
          "english": "heather",
          "translation": "heather",
          "word": "verskъ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "vьrša"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Belarusian",
              "lang_code": "be",
              "roman": "vjarša",
              "word": "вярша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ukrainian",
              "lang_code": "uk",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "vĭrša",
          "word": "вьрша"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Belarusian",
              "lang_code": "be",
              "roman": "vjarša",
              "word": "вярша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ukrainian",
              "lang_code": "uk",
              "roman": "vérša",
              "word": "ве́рша"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "vrĭša",
          "word": "врьша"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "East Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "vǎ́rša",
          "word": "въ́рша"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "lang_code": "mk",
          "roman": "vrša",
          "word": "врша"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "вр̑ша"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Latin script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "vȓša"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "lang_code": "sh"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "South Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "vrše"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "vršě"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "wiersza"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "word": "wiersza"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "wiersza"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "word": "wirsza"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "lang_code": "sk",
          "word": "vrša"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "hsb",
              "word": "wjerša"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "word": "wjerša"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sorbian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "West Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "lang_code": "hu",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "varsa"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ],
          "word": "vârșă"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Non-Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-ša",
        "alt1": "*vьrz-"
      },
      "expansion": "*vьrz- + *-ša",
      "name": "affix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*werką"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *werką",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "werc",
        "3": "",
        "4": "work"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German werc (“work”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "wirken",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*vьrxъ",
        "3": "*-ja"
      },
      "expansion": "*vьrxъ + *-ja",
      "name": "suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "veržỹs"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian veržỹs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "váržas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian váržas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "var̂za"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian var̂za",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European:\n* Derksen: *wr̥ǵ- (see *werǵ-); Therefore from earlier *virzsjā. Morphologically *vьrz- + *-ša.\n: Cognate with Proto-Germanic *werką (> Old High German werc (“work”)), *wirkijaną (> Old High German wirken (“to manufacture by sowing, stitching or weaving”))\n* Vasmer: *werǵʰsyeh₂ (see *werǵʰ-) or *vьrxъ + *-ja (< *wr̥s- / *wers-).\n: Cognate with Lithuanian veržỹs.\nBaltic cognates include\nLithuanian váržas,\nLatvian var̂za.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vь̀rša",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rša",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršama",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāmъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršǫ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršējǫ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršama",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāmī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršāsъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rše",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀rši",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vь̀ršę̇",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vь̀rša",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьrša",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "povorzъ"
    },
    {
      "alt": "< PIE *worǵʰos",
      "english": "cord",
      "translation": "cord",
      "word": "pavorzъ"
    },
    {
      "word": "versъ"
    },
    {
      "english": "heather",
      "translation": "heather",
      "word": "verskъ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
        "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
        "Proto-Slavic nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic soft a-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "sla-pro:Fishing"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "fishing basket, fishing trap made of osiers"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fishing",
          "fishing"
        ],
        [
          "basket",
          "basket"
        ],
        [
          "trap",
          "trap"
        ],
        [
          "made",
          "made"
        ],
        [
          "osier",
          "osier"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "vьrša"
}

Download raw JSONL data for vьrša meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.7kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (ddb1505 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.