"kъňiga" meaning in Proto-Slavic

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "Belarusian",
                  "lang_code": "be",
                  "roman": "kníha",
                  "word": "кні́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
                  "lang_code": "rue",
                  "roman": "knýha",
                  "word": "кни́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Ukrainian",
                  "lang_code": "uk",
                  "roman": "knýha",
                  "word": "кни́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Lithuanian",
                  "lang_code": "lt",
                  "raw_tags": [
                    "borrowed"
                  ],
                  "word": "knygà"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Ruthenian",
              "lang_code": "zle-ort",
              "roman": "kníha",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "kníga",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "ḱinyg",
              "tags": [
                "Digor"
              ],
              "word": "чиныг"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kiwnugæ",
              "word": "киунугӕ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kinugæ",
              "word": "кинугӕ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Erzya",
              "lang_code": "myv",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kiniga",
              "word": "кинига"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "kŭniga",
          "word": "кънига"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Old Novgorodian",
          "lang_code": "zle-ono",
          "roman": "kŭniga",
          "word": "кънига"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "East Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "cu",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "roman": "kŭnʹigy",
              "word": "кън҄игꙑ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Glagolitic script",
              "lang_code": "cu",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "roman": "kŭnigy",
              "word": "ⰽⱏⱀⰻⰳⱏⰺ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Church Slavonic",
              "lang_code": "zls-chs",
              "roman": "kŭníga",
              "word": "къни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bulgarian",
              "lang_code": "bg",
              "roman": "kníga",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Macedonian",
              "lang_code": "mk",
              "roman": "kniga",
              "word": "книга"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
          "lang_code": "cu"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "књи̏га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Latin script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "knjȉga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "lang_code": "sh"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "South Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "kniha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "kníha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "knieha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "księga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Silesian",
              "lang_code": "szl",
              "word": "ksiynga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "raw_tags": [
            "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
          ],
          "word": "księgi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
              "lang_code": "rsk",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "roman": "knjižka",
              "word": "кнїжка"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Slovak",
              "lang_code": "sk",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Slovak",
          "lang_code": "zlw-osk",
          "word": "kniha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knëga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knyga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knéga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Pomeranian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "tags": [
                "archaic"
              ],
              "word": "knigła"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "word": "knigły"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "hsb",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sorbian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "West Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "kenning",
        "4": "",
        "5": "symbol, sign"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to know"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "kunna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to know"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse kunna (“to know”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "akk",
        "3": "kunukkum",
        "t": "seal-cylinder"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "կնիք",
        "3": "",
        "4": "seal"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian կնիք (knikʻ, “seal”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltc",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kъnъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "trunk of a tree"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kъnъ (“trunk of a tree”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wer-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "tie"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“tie”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*bʰeh₂ǵos",
        "3": "",
        "4": "beech"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*lubъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "tree bark"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *lubъ (“tree bark”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "trk",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cv",
        "2": "кӗнеке"
      },
      "expansion": "Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "чиныг"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "könyv",
        "3": "",
        "4": "book"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian könyv (“book”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "myv",
        "2": "конёв",
        "t": "paper"
      },
      "expansion": "Erzya конёв (końov, “paper”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are multiple theories:\n* Borrowed either from Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”) or from a different Germanic source (compare Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”) and Old Norse kunna (“to know”)).\n* From Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”) or kanīkum (“sealed object: document, sack bulla, etc.”), via Old Armenian կնիք (knikʻ, “seal”).\n* Ultimate Chinese origin, from 卷 (Middle Chinese kˠiuᴇn^X < Old Chinese *krorʔ (“to roll up”), *kror-s (“scroll”)), as paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. However, this seems less likely due to the likely temporal precedence of Proto-Slavic over Early Middle Chinese and the large spatial separation of the donor and recipient languages.\n* Finally, Polish Slavicist Aleksander Brückner considers it to be a native word derived from Proto-Slavic *kъnъ (“trunk of a tree”) with the suffix *-iga (compare Slovene veriga (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“tie”)). The sense development would thus be similar to German Buch and English book, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”), or to Latin liber, from earlier *luber, a cognate of Proto-Slavic *lubъ (“tree bark”).\nThe second and third theories require transmission by a Turkic or an Iranian language, but nothing is attested in them. Although sometimes cited, Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e) and Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg), киунугӕ (kiwnugæ) are both considered early Slavic loans. However, Hungarian könyv (“book”) and Erzya конёв (końov, “paper”), which are unlikely to derive from Slavic, testify to the early presence of this word in the Volga region.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kъňi̋ga",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgamъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgǫ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgojǫ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgǭ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgamī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgasъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgaxъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgo",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kъňìga",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъňiga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with invalid diacritics",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "kъňìžica"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "book"
      ],
      "id": "en-kъňiga-sla-pro-noun-knGf4M-M",
      "links": [
        [
          "book",
          "book"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kъňiga"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "kъňìžica"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "descendants": [
                {
                  "lang": "Belarusian",
                  "lang_code": "be",
                  "roman": "kníha",
                  "word": "кні́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
                  "lang_code": "rue",
                  "roman": "knýha",
                  "word": "кни́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Ukrainian",
                  "lang_code": "uk",
                  "roman": "knýha",
                  "word": "кни́га"
                },
                {
                  "lang": "Lithuanian",
                  "lang_code": "lt",
                  "raw_tags": [
                    "borrowed"
                  ],
                  "word": "knygà"
                }
              ],
              "lang": "Old Ruthenian",
              "lang_code": "zle-ort",
              "roman": "kníha",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Russian",
              "lang_code": "ru",
              "roman": "kníga",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "ḱinyg",
              "tags": [
                "Digor"
              ],
              "word": "чиныг"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kiwnugæ",
              "word": "киунугӕ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Ossetian",
              "lang_code": "os",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kinugæ",
              "word": "кинугӕ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Erzya",
              "lang_code": "myv",
              "raw_tags": [
                "borrowed"
              ],
              "roman": "kiniga",
              "word": "кинига"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old East Slavic",
          "lang_code": "orv",
          "roman": "kŭniga",
          "word": "кънига"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Old Novgorodian",
          "lang_code": "zle-ono",
          "roman": "kŭniga",
          "word": "кънига"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "East Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "cu",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "roman": "kŭnʹigy",
              "word": "кън҄игꙑ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Glagolitic script",
              "lang_code": "cu",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "roman": "kŭnigy",
              "word": "ⰽⱏⱀⰻⰳⱏⰺ"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Church Slavonic",
              "lang_code": "zls-chs",
              "roman": "kŭníga",
              "word": "къни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Bulgarian",
              "lang_code": "bg",
              "roman": "kníga",
              "word": "кни́га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Macedonian",
              "lang_code": "mk",
              "roman": "kniga",
              "word": "книга"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
          "lang_code": "cu"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Cyrillic script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "књи̏га"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Latin script",
              "lang_code": "sh",
              "word": "knjȉga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "lang_code": "sh"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "South Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "kniha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "kníha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Czech",
              "lang_code": "cs",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Czech",
          "lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
          "word": "knieha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Polish",
              "lang_code": "pl",
              "word": "księga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Silesian",
              "lang_code": "szl",
              "word": "ksiynga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Polish",
          "lang_code": "zlw-opl",
          "raw_tags": [
            "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
          ],
          "word": "księgi"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
              "lang_code": "rsk",
              "raw_tags": [
                "reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
              ],
              "roman": "knjižka",
              "word": "кнїжка"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Slovak",
              "lang_code": "sk",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Old Slovak",
          "lang_code": "zlw-osk",
          "word": "kniha"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knëga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knyga"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Kashubian",
              "lang_code": "csb",
              "word": "knéga"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Pomeranian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "tags": [
                "archaic"
              ],
              "word": "knigła"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "dsb",
              "raw_tags": [
                "pl"
              ],
              "word": "knigły"
            },
            {
              "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
              "lang_code": "hsb",
              "word": "kniha"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sorbian",
          "lang_code": "unknown"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "West Slavic",
      "lang_code": "unknown"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "kenning",
        "4": "",
        "5": "symbol, sign"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to know"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "kunna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to know"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse kunna (“to know”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "akk",
        "3": "kunukkum",
        "t": "seal-cylinder"
      },
      "expansion": "Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "կնիք",
        "3": "",
        "4": "seal"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian կնիք (knikʻ, “seal”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltc",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "och",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Chinese",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*kъnъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "trunk of a tree"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kъnъ (“trunk of a tree”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wer-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "tie"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“tie”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*bʰeh₂ǵos",
        "3": "",
        "4": "beech"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*lubъ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "tree bark"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *lubъ (“tree bark”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "trk",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ira",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Iranian",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cv",
        "2": "кӗнеке"
      },
      "expansion": "Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "os",
        "2": "чиныг"
      },
      "expansion": "Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hu",
        "2": "könyv",
        "3": "",
        "4": "book"
      },
      "expansion": "Hungarian könyv (“book”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "myv",
        "2": "конёв",
        "t": "paper"
      },
      "expansion": "Erzya конёв (końov, “paper”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are multiple theories:\n* Borrowed either from Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”) or from a different Germanic source (compare Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”) and Old Norse kunna (“to know”)).\n* From Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”) or kanīkum (“sealed object: document, sack bulla, etc.”), via Old Armenian կնիք (knikʻ, “seal”).\n* Ultimate Chinese origin, from 卷 (Middle Chinese kˠiuᴇn^X < Old Chinese *krorʔ (“to roll up”), *kror-s (“scroll”)), as paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. However, this seems less likely due to the likely temporal precedence of Proto-Slavic over Early Middle Chinese and the large spatial separation of the donor and recipient languages.\n* Finally, Polish Slavicist Aleksander Brückner considers it to be a native word derived from Proto-Slavic *kъnъ (“trunk of a tree”) with the suffix *-iga (compare Slovene veriga (“chain”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“tie”)). The sense development would thus be similar to German Buch and English book, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”), or to Latin liber, from earlier *luber, a cognate of Proto-Slavic *lubъ (“tree bark”).\nThe second and third theories require transmission by a Turkic or an Iranian language, but nothing is attested in them. Although sometimes cited, Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e) and Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg), киунугӕ (kiwnugæ) are both considered early Slavic loans. However, Hungarian könyv (“book”) and Erzya конёв (końov, “paper”), which are unlikely to derive from Slavic, testify to the early presence of this word in the Volga region.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kъňi̋ga",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìga",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgamъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgǫ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgojǫ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgǭ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgama",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgamī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgasъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgaxъ",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgo",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìdzě",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kъňìgy",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kъňìga",
        "ap": "a"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъňiga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Slavic entries with invalid diacritics",
        "Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
        "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
        "Proto-Slavic nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Iranian languages",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Turkic languages"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "book"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "book",
          "book"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kъňiga"
}