See govьno in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "hawnó",
"word": "гаўно́"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "govnó",
"word": "говно́"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gomnó",
"word": "гомно́"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "hovno",
"word": "говно"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hivnó",
"word": "гівно́"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "himnó",
"word": "гімно́"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "govĭno",
"word": "говьно"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "govnó",
"word": "говно́"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "gómno",
"word": "го́мно"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "го́вно"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "góvno"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hovno"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "gówno"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "gōwno"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "gówno"
},
{
"lang": "Polabian",
"lang_code": "pox",
"word": "ďünă"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "gòwno"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "gównô"
}
],
"lang": "Pomeranian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "hovno"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "gowno"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "howno"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*gawāˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "",
"alt1": "*govьno",
"alt2": "* some noun",
"t1": "cow's"
},
"expansion": "*govьno (“cow's”) + * some noun",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "aswinan",
"3": "aswinan (dadan)",
"t": "mare's milk"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷewH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गूथ",
"t": "feces"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ, of uncertain origin:\n* Originally \"cow dung\", from *govьno (“cow's”) + * some noun, from adjective *govьnъ, from *gov-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”). Related to *govędo (“cattlehead”), *gumьno (“threshing floor”).\n* From Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-. Related to Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”) and *gaviti (“to disgust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "govьnò",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀nъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnъ̀mь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ny",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьně̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀něxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/govьno",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"shit"
],
"id": "en-govьno-sla-pro-noun-hfwX9waa",
"links": [
[
"shit",
"shit"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*lajьno"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "govьno"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "hawnó",
"word": "гаўно́"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "govnó",
"word": "говно́"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gomnó",
"word": "гомно́"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "hovno",
"word": "говно"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "hivnó",
"word": "гівно́"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "himnó",
"word": "гімно́"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "govĭno",
"word": "говьно"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "govnó",
"word": "говно́"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "gómno",
"word": "го́мно"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "го́вно"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "góvno"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "hovno"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "gówno"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "gōwno"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "gówno"
},
{
"lang": "Polabian",
"lang_code": "pox",
"word": "ďünă"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "gòwno"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "gównô"
}
],
"lang": "Pomeranian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "hovno"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "gowno"
},
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "howno"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*gawāˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "",
"alt1": "*govьno",
"alt2": "* some noun",
"t1": "cow's"
},
"expansion": "*govьno (“cow's”) + * some noun",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "aswinan",
"3": "aswinan (dadan)",
"t": "mare's milk"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷewH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "गूथ",
"t": "feces"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gawāˀ, of uncertain origin:\n* Originally \"cow dung\", from *govьno (“cow's”) + * some noun, from adjective *govьnъ, from *gov-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”). Compare Old Prussian aswinan (dadan) (“mare's milk”). Related to *govędo (“cattlehead”), *gumьno (“threshing floor”).\n* From Proto-Indo-European *gʷewH-. Related to Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha, “feces”) and *gaviti (“to disgust”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "govьnò",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀nъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnъ̀mь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnòma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ny",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьně̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀něxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnò",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "govь̀ně",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "govьnà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/govьno",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard neuter o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"sla-pro:Feces"
],
"glosses": [
"shit"
],
"links": [
[
"shit",
"shit"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*lajьno"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"Rick Derksen"
]
}
],
"word": "govьno"
}
Download raw JSONL data for govьno meaning in Proto-Slavic (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-09-20 using wiktextract (ea0d853 and 1ab82da). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.